@joyphys
2015-07-06T14:42:10.000000Z
字数 5849
阅读 1569
paper
本文从理论上研究了双嵌段高分子跨膜传输的动力学,着重考察了两嵌段不同的驱动力的效应,得到了首次通过时间满足的普适的方程。在两个嵌段的驱动力相差很大的极限情况下,如果弱驱动力嵌段先传输,传输时间约为两嵌段传输时间之和。如果强驱动力嵌段先传输,两嵌段之间的关联时间对总的传输时间有明显影响。
Translocation dynamics of a diblock polymer is studied theoretically, focusing on the effects of different driving forces of the two blocks. A general formula for the sequence effects on the average translocation time of a polymer passing through a nanopore is derived. Limiting cases are considered to illustrate the sequence dependence, When the weakly driven block enters the first, the translocation time is the sum of that of each block. When the strongly driven block first translocates, correlation time of the two blocks makes significant contribution to the translocation time.
DNA、RNA、蛋白质等生物分子通过纳米孔从膜的一边传输到膜的现象在许多生物过程中都发挥着重要作用[1,2],比如DNA和RNA的核孔输运、基因交换(gene swapping)、蛋白质输运、生物大分子测序等。由于生物体系里这些过程的重要性,高分子输运在实验[3-6]、理论[7-11]和模拟[12-14]等方面得到了广泛的研究。(参考文献 JCP 2006, 125, 084906 第1段)
[1] Lodish H., Berk A., Zipursky S. L., et al. Molecular Cell Biology[M]. 4th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. 2000
[2] Meller A. Dynamics of polynucleotide transport through nanometre-scale pores[J]. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2003, 15(17): R581
[3] Kasianowicz J. J.; Brandin E.; Branton D.; et al. Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel[J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93(24): 13770-13773
[4] Meller A.; Branton D. Single molecule measurements of DNA transport through a nanopore[J]. Electrophoresis 2002, 23(16): 2583-2591
[5] Storm A. J.; Chen J. H.; ZandbergenH. W. Translocation of double-strand DNA through a silicon oxide nanopore[J]. Phys. Rev. E 2005, 71(5): 051903
[6] Butler T.; Gundlach J.; Troll M. Determination of RNA orientation during translocation through a biological nanopore[J]. Biophys. J. 2006, 90(1): 190-199
[7] Sung W. Park P. J. Polymer Translocation Through a Pore in a Membrane[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett.1996, 77(4):783-786
[8] Muthukumar M. Polymer translocation through a hole [J]. J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 111(22): 10371
[9] Lubensky D.; Nelson D. Driven polymer translocation through a narrow pore[J]. Biophys. J. 1999, 77(4): 1824–1838
[10] Single stranded DNA translocation through a nanopore: A master equation approach[J]. Phys. Rev. E 68, 041910
[11] Kotsev S.; Kolomeisky A. B. Effect of orientation in translocation of polymers through nanopores[J]. 2006, 125(8): 084906
模拟
[12] Chern S. S.; Cardenas A. E.; Coalson R. D. Three-dimensional dynamic Monte Carlo simulations of driven polymer transport through a hole in a wall[J]. J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 115(22): 7772
[13] Zandi R.; Reguera D.; Rudnick J. What drives the translocation of stiff chains?[J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100(15): 8649
[14] Matysiak S.;Montesi A.; Kolomeisky A. B. Dynamics of Polymer Translocation through Nanopores: Theory Meets Experiment[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 96: 118103
实验已经证实,在跨膜传输过程中,生物大分子的序列对传输动力学有着显著的影响[15-17]。序列的影响被归结为各种原因,如大分子的构象[15]、大分子与纳米孔的相互作用和驱动力[16]。有人指出,穿膜肽(penetratin)运送药物等进入细胞的动力学,会受到肽不同序列的静电驱动力显著影响。但是,目前为止,生物大分子跨膜传输的驱动力的序列依赖性对传输动力学的具体影响仍然不太清楚。(参考文献 JCP 2008, 128, 125104 第1段)
[15] Celler B.; Zhu H. Y.; Cheng S. et al. Charged residues render pro-OmpA potential dependent for initiation of membrane translocation[J]. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268(13):9442-9447
[16] Efremov R. G.; Volynsky P. E.; Nolde D. E. et al. Monte Carlo simulations of voltage-driven translocation of a signal sequence[J] FEBS Lett. 2002, 526(3): 97-100
[17] Effect of charge distribution on the translocation of an inhomogeneously charged polymer through a nanopore[J]. J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 128(12): 125104
[18] Deshayes S. Morris M. C. Divita G. et al. Cell-penetrating peptides: tools for intracellular delivery of therapeutics[J]. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2005, 62(16): 1839-1849
理论上,传输动力学被看做一个等效的一维外场驱动的扩散过程。传输时间由首次通过时间(Mean first passage time, MFPT)表征,可由自由能势求得。目前为止,高分子传输的理论工作仅仅只是考虑均聚物高分子的情形,而在实验里的体系大多是多嵌段高分子,甚至是杂聚物,不同的嵌段受到的驱动力和与纳米孔道的相互作用也不同。Muthukumar研究了双嵌段的传输动力学,考察了嵌段与纳米孔道不同的相互作用对传输动力学的影响[19]。马艳君等也研究了双嵌段高分子的传输,但是他们主要考察的是溶液环境的影响。本文考察两嵌段不同的驱动力对传输动力学的效应。
[19] Muthukumar M. Theory of sequence effects on DNA translocation
through proteins and nanopores[J]. Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 1417–1420
[20] 马艳君, 顾海芳,王海军. 两嵌段共聚高分子链通过薄膜上纳米孔隙输运的研究[J]. 化学学报. 2009, 67(27): 2295-2300
考虑一链长为
假设传输过程非常缓慢,膜两端的高分子链都可以充分弛豫到平衡状态。根据成核与生长理论,链的传输动力学由以下方程描述,
为了得到解析结果,可以假设自由能中构象熵远小于化学势,并且假设两嵌段与纳米孔相互作用相同,
由方程可得传输时间
如果
我们考虑下几种极限情况。
i,
ii,
iii,
iv,