Make Biodiesel! by drinkmorecoffee

不再油荒——提炼生物柴油

（译者按：之前的产油机教程译好了，但光有机器没用，还要有材料和如何产油出来。现在这篇教程能让你踏入未来油老虎的第一步。）

原文出处：http://www.instructables.com/id/Make-Biodiesel/
原作：drinkmorecoffee
译者：Kalimov

Picture of Make Biodiesel!
100_4157.JPG
100_4160.JPG
100_4161.JPG
Instructable #2 in my series on biodiesel.

This is my tutorial for using my appleseed processor to make biodiesel. This tutorial will get you through the process of making biodiesel, but not the necessary washing process. I will do my next instructable on dry-washing biodiesel.
这是我写的关于苹果核处理器提炼生物柴油的教程。本教程会带你过一遍制作生物柴油的流程，但不包括必需的净化流程。

Biodiesel is a great way to go green, and cut your carbon footprint quite substantially, not to mention it's cheaper than diesel. Biodiesel will run in a diesel engine, I don't recommend trying it in a gas engine.
生物柴油是环保的好办法，大幅减少碳排量，但不是说它比一般柴油便宜。生物柴油用于柴油机，我不建议在汽油机上试验它。

The process for making biodiesel uses an oil, a catalyst, and an alcohol. In this case: Waste vegi oil (WVO), NaOH (lye), and methanol.
提炼生物柴油需要用到油分、催化剂和醇类。在这里，我们用：废植物油（地沟油）、氢氧化钠（碱液）和甲醇。

Please read up on this before you start, and please understand the chemical dangers involved in this process.
在开始前请通读这个教程，也要了解在整个过程中涉及的化学物的危险程度。

Step 1: Safety

一、安全

Picture of Safety
100_4150.JPG
First off, some disclaimers and safety info.
首先必须做出一些免责声明和安全信息普及。

NaOH (or KOH, depending on your catalyst of choice) is extremely caustic and will cause extreme irritation if it comes into contact with your skin, eyes, or any other part of you. Methanol is a harmful alcohol. It will cause blindness or death if ingested; one way it's absorbed into your body is through your skin, so simply handling the stuff with bare hand is bad for you. Lastly, Methoxide, the substance produced when you mix your catalyst with the methanol, is an extremely toxic nerve agent. It can do some serious bodily damage.
氢氧化钠（或氢氧化钾，取决于你选哪种催化剂）是剧烈腐蚀物，一旦和皮肤、眼睛或身体其他部位接触将有强烈刺激反应。甲醇是有害的醇类化学物，摄入会导致失明或死亡，通过皮肤是其中一种被身体吸收的途径，所以裸露手部来处理这东西是有害的。最后就是甲醇盐类，当混合催化剂和甲醇时生成的产物，则是对神经极具毒性的媒介，能造成严重身体受伤。

BE CAREFUL
小心为上

I use a chemical resistant p100 respirator when I do this process, as well as eye protection. I use some heavy-duty chemical-proof gloves from Northern Tool. Long sleeves are recommended.
我在操作过程中使用耐化学腐蚀呼吸器p100，同样对眼睛也做了保护，同时我也用了极耐化学药品的手套。建议穿着长袖操作。

Step 2: Necessary supplies

二、需要材料

Before you make the fuel you need to filter your oil. I filter mine down to 50 microns. I know people who don't filter at all and some people who filter as fine as 10 microns. One person I know simply lets it settle for a few days and disposes of the sludge that settles on the bottom.
在生产燃料之前你需要过滤原始油料。我用了50微米的滤网。我知道有些人完全不过滤，而有些人则用10微米级滤网过滤。其中一个我认识的人，他仅仅将原始油料静置数日，然后将底部的沉淀物直接舍弃。

To filter it I just hung a bag filter above a clean 5 gal. bucket. I used an old sock to get out the large particles before it went through the filter.
要过滤它，我仅仅在一个5加仑大桶上挂一个过滤袋而已。在它过滤网之前，我用旧袜子先滤掉大块杂质。

For the actual making of the fuel you will need:
在实际提炼燃料当中你需要：

• an appleseed processor

-WVO (you'll get as much fuel as the amount of WVO you use)
- 一台苹果核处理器
- 地沟油（使用越多地沟油，就能得到越多燃料）

You can get this from restaurants, but you need their OK before you take it. You will get arrested and get in a pile of trouble if you just take the oil. Avoid burnt oil, as this will not react to make biodiesel. Most fast food places burn their oil.
你能在餐厅取得地沟油，但首先你需要他们同意才能获取。如果不问自取，恐有牢狱之灾。不要用油炸过的油，这不会参与反应生成生物柴油。大部分快餐店都会用油炸油。

-A catalyst: NaOH (sodium hydroxide) or KOH (potassium hydroxide)
- 催化剂：氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾

The difference? well, KOH dissolves better in the methanol and NaOH tends to make the final byproduct (glycerin) more congealed. Also, you use different amounts depending on which you go with. NaOH is cheaper, and that's why I went with it.
有何区别？氢氧化钾在甲醇当中溶化得彻底些，而氢氧化钠则将最终副产物（甘油）处理得更凝固些。（译者注：就是变成类似肥皂的东西。）而且，选择哪一种会影响它所需的量。氢氧化钠比较便宜，所以我就用它。

-Methanol
- 甲醇

Methanol is used for race car fuel, and can be purchases at many chemical supply places. This is the most expensive part of the process. Methanol is at about $5 a gallon. This still ends up being cheaper than regular diesel, since you add 20% methanol for the amount of WVO you use.
甲醇用于赛车燃料，能在很多化学药剂店买到。这是整个反应过程最贵的部分。甲醇大约每加仑5美金，但仍然比普通柴油便宜，因为你只在地沟油当中添加20%的量。

Safety equipment you'll need:
你需要的安全装备：

-chemical resistant p100 respirators
Got 2 at Lowes for $25-$30 each

-lab goggles

-chemical resistant gloves
- 耐化学呼吸器p100
- 实验室护目镜
- 耐化学手套

What you'll need for the titration:
在滴定测试中你需要：

-Isopropyl alcohol
get this at an auto parts store

-distilled water

-a very tiny bit of your catalyst (NaOH or KOH)

-a sample of your WVO

-3 oral syringes
Get these at the drug store

-Phenol Red indicator (like for testing your pool water)
- 异丙醇
- 蒸馏水
- 极少量催化剂（氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾）
- 地沟油样本
- 3个注射器
- 红色苯酚指示剂（就是用来测试游泳池水质的那种）

Step 3: Filter the WVO

三、过滤地沟油

Picture of Filter the WVO
100_4133.JPG
100_4134.JPG
100_4132.JPG
100_4137.JPG
100_4128.JPG
Show All 8 Items
I'm going to leave the collection part up to you, I'm just going to tell you what to do with the oil once you have it.
收集方面，就给你完成了，我这里只说收集到了之后你要做的事情。

You should get it in Carboys, it's easiest to use this way.
你该用个大桶装起来，这是最简单的方法。

my basic setup is very low tech, just a bag filter hung from a broom stick over a clean bucket. I used a sock this time around to try and get a longer life out of my filters. I have on clean carboy I put some oil in, and put the rest in another bucket.
我的做法技术含量很低，只是将一个过滤袋用一把扫帚棍挂在干净的桶上面。这次我用了一只袜子在外面，以期让过滤网更耐用一些。我准备了个干净大桶用来装油，把其余的装在另一个桶里面。

Some people like to heat their oil before they filter it. Probably not a bad idea, and I may do this in the future.
有些人喜欢在过滤之前加热油料，也许这是个不错的主意，之后我会去试验的。

Do not use any crappy oil that looks like a cloudy mess at the bottom of the oil. You can see it in one of my pictures. It has water in it, and will ruin your reaction, avoid using this at all costs.
不要用劣质的油，它们的底部看起来有一些棉絮状的东西，就像图中所示。这里面有水分，将破坏反应，无论如何都不要用它。

Step 4: Titrate your oil

四、滴定测量油料

Picture of Titrate your oil
100_4142.JPG
This is where we test the acidity of the oil, by measuring the free fatty acids, to see how much NaOH is needed for the reaction.
我们在这里测定油料酸度，利用测量剩余脂肪酸的方法，来确定在反应当中要使用多少氢氧化钠。

Start by measuring out 1 gram of NaOH and mixing that with one liter of the distilled water. This gives you a 1/1000 solution. Keep this, you won't use it all on one titration.
一开始称量出1克氢氧化钠，溶解在一升蒸馏水中，这样就得到千分之一浓度溶液。保留好它，在一次滴定测试当中不会把它用尽的。

Next measure out 10 milliliters of the isopropyl and 1 milliliter of your WVO sample. Mix these in the same jar. Now add about 5 drops of Phenol Red indicator to this solution; swirl to get it mixed. Fill the last syringe with your lye/water solution and add 1/4 milliliter at a time while swirling the jar. Once it turns bright pink and stays that way you need to count exactly how many milliliters of lye/water solution you used to neutralize the acidity of the oil.
接着量出10毫升异丙醇和1毫升地沟油样本，将它们放在杯子里混合。添加大约5滴苯酚红色指示剂在溶液里，搅拌混合。在最后的注射器当中装上碱液，每次晃动杯子时加入1/4毫升。当溶液变为稳定的粉红色时，你就要计算到底用了多少碱液来中和油料当中的酸度。

Now we can use this information to tell us how much NaOH to use in the reaction.
根据得到的信息，就能知道在反应当中将要用多少氢氧化钠。

The formula is this:
方程如下：

For NaOH- # of liters of oil x 4 grams + titration
所需氢氧化钠量=油料升数x（4克+滴定毫升量）（译者注：是根据教程当中的实验方法测定而来的方程。）

For example, say I titrated at 2 milliliters and was using 50 liters of oil. I would do 50 x 6=300. 300 grams of NaOH for that batch.
例如假设我用2毫升滴定，而要用50升油料生产，钠我将用50x6=300克氢氧化钠作为该批生产的材料。

Step 5: Prep the oil

五、准备油料

Picture of Prep the oil
100_4030.JPG
Take a carboy filled with oil and connect a section of hose from the carboy to the intake valve on your processor.
准备一个装有油料的大桶，将其连在软管上，再连到产油机的吸入阀。

Use hose clamps to secure the hose to the carboy lid with the ball valve on it. Be sure to have primed the pump.
用软管夹子把软管固定在带有球形阀的大桶盖子上，确定已启动水泵。

Now open the valve on the carboy and the intake valve. Turn on the pump and make sure the glycerin drain and out-take valve are both closed, so oil doesn't come shooting out.
At this point it is very important to have the pressure vent on the processor open, this way you can leave the valve nearest the processor tank closed and let as much oil as you can be sucked though the intake point and get pumped into the tank. Also, be sure to have the vent on the back of the carboy open, or you'll create a vacuum and the carboy will implode.
现在开启大桶上的阀门和吸入阀，打开水泵，确保甘油排出管和排出阀都是关闭的，这样油料就不会喷出来。这时要保持产油机上压力管道开启畅通，这样就能让离产油机油缸最近的阀门保持关闭，通过吸入点得到尽可能多的油，然后将其泵入油缸中。同时保证大桶背后的通道畅通，要不然就会造成内部负压，大桶将会内爆。

Once all the oil is in the tank you can turn on the element. If you're using more than 5 gallons of oil you obviously will need to disconnect the hose and repeat more than once.
当所有油料进入油箱后，打开加热丝。如果你使用超过5加仑油料，那么就需要断开软管，重复生产批次了。

Heat the oil to 130 degrees F. (you can open the drain valve, get a quick sample, and use a quick-read thermometer to check. )
加热油料至华氏130度（摄氏54.4度，你可以开启排泄阀，快速取样，然后用快速读数温度计检测。）

Step 6: Methoxide Mixing and Introduction To the WVO

六、混合甲醇盐到地沟油里

This is the most dangerous part of making the fuel.
这一步是炼油过程当中最危险的部分。

Measure out 20% of the total volume of oil worth of methanol into a carboy with a vent. (1 gallon of methanol per 5 gallons of oil and so on.)
量取油量的20%体积甲醇，通过管道流进大桶中。（1加仑甲醇对5加仑油料，如此类推。）

Be wearing eye protection, chemical resistant gloves, and a respirator at this point.
在这时要戴上眼睛保护、化学防护手套和呼吸器。

Measure out the calculated amount of catalyst and put it in/on a coffee filter or something that you can dump quickly. Dump the catalyst into the carboy and immediately screw on the same lid or same kind of lid as shown in the previous step, the one with a ball valve on it.
两独处计算量所需的催化剂，将其放在咖啡过滤纸或一些能快速倾倒的容器内。将催化剂倒入大桶后马上旋紧盖子，或上一步说过的带有球形阀的盖子。

Shake vigorously and crack the valve open away from you and other people. It will hiss. Shake it up some more, to be sure you get things dissolved all the way. You may need to vent it once or twice more to release the pressure.
用力摇晃，并将阀门朝自己和别人以外方向打开，会有嘶嘶声出现。多晃几次，确定所有东西都溶化了。可能需要多一两次打开阀门来减压。

Hook this up the same way you did the carboy with the oil. Make sure it's all very tight and secure, you don't want this stuff leaking. leave the intake valve closed for now. Open the valve on the carboy and remove the vent cap so there is a slight bit of air coming into the carboy as some of the liquid trickles down the hose.
Open all the valves in the circuit on the processor and start the pump again so the oil is circulating. Leave the element on.
用同样方法连接大桶和油料，确定所有都密实可靠，你可不希望这些东西泄漏吧？现在当液体滴入软管后，就将吸入阀关闭，开启大桶上的阀门，将通气安全阀打开，这样就有一丝空气进入大桶当中。打开所有在产油机管道回路的阀门，再次开启水泵，这样油料就能循环。一直开着加热丝。

Now very very slowly crack the intake valve so the methoxide is introduced very very slowly. If you introduce it too quickly it will make soap. Not what we're shooting for here. Tilt the carboy to make sure all the methoxide drains out. Close the intake valve.
现在很慢很慢地敲开吸入阀，这样就能很缓慢地导入甲醇。如果太快导入甲醇，就会制造出“肥皂”（就是脂肪酸盐啦）。现在重点留意，倾斜大桶让所有甲醇盐排空，然后关闭吸入阀。

Double check the pressure vent on the processor. chemical reactions are happening and the pressure needs somewhere to go.
再次检查产油机上的压力管。化学反应正在进行中，压力需要释放的去处。

Let this go for about an hour before you consolidate it all in the tank. Let it sit with the element on for the next 12-14 hours.
在你把所有东西收集在油缸前，让其反应大约一小时。接下来12到14小时保持加热丝开启。

Step 7: Draining the Glycerin

七、排出甘油

Picture of Draining the Glycerin
100_4164.JPG
The main byproduct of biodiesel is glycerin. You put in 20% methanol, and get out 20% glycerin. Glycerin is useful, and can be used to make soap and things. You can also compost it. Just be sure to boil off any leftover methanol before you use it. There may be some unreacted catalyst, too.
生物柴油的主要副产物是甘油。你倒入20%的甲醇，就能得到20%甘油。甘油很有用，能够用来制造肥皂和其他东西，还能用于堆肥。在使用它之前一定要煮沸，将残余甲醇蒸发掉。同样，里面可能还有未反应的催化剂。

After 12-14 hours it should be separated out. Open the valve nearest the tank and make sure the valve on the other side of the drain is closed, then slowly open the drain valve. Drain into a bucket until what's coming out changes color. At this point you've drained the glycerin and have reached the fuel. Drain the fuel into a separate bucket/container.
12到14小时后，甘油应被分离出来。打开离油缸最近的阀门，确定排出管道另一边的阀门关闭，然后缓缓开启排泄阀。将它排到一个桶里面，直到排出物颜色改变。这时你就把甘油都排出来了，剩下的是燃料。接着将燃料倒入另一个桶或其他容器内。

Step 8: What's next?

八、下一步呢？

Picture of What's next?
Now all you need to do is wash your fuel before you can put it in a car. There are several methods to wash fuel, and if you use water you need to be sure to dry it. I'm dry-washing my fuel. Dry-washing uses Magnesol, and it uses no water.
在将燃料放进汽车使用前，在要做的是净化燃料。有不同方法来进化燃料，如果用水处理的话，事后就需要去除水分。我用干洗方式净化燃料。干洗需要用到酸式硅酸镁，而不涉及水分。

My next instructable will deal with the washing process.

Please don't run unwashed fuel in your car, and please don't forget to dry/filter after you wash.
不要将未净化的燃料放到车辆中使用，也别忘记在净化过程后使用过滤器和干燥步骤。

Now I know some of you are wondering about this, and yes, I am going to add a methanol recovery system. As soon as I add the larger tank I'm adding that and some other upgrade type things.

Cheers!

-DMC