修辞文体翻译(Rhetorical and Stylistic Translation)课堂笔记
学习笔记
英语
翻译
引言
A typical Example in E-C Translation
- April is a reluctant beginning of spring in Beijing.
- 在北京,四月是一个春天不情愿的开始。(死译:dead/mechanic translation)
- 北京的四月,春天姗姗来迟。(不到位:unfaithful)
- 北京的四月,乍暖还寒。(地道的活译)
A Typical Example in C-E Translation
详见《Youth》一文
15 Major Topics in Translation Research
一、直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free Translation
- 法律文献(legal documents) 95%
- 政治文献(political documents) 85%
- 科技文献(science & tech documents) 75%
- 应用文献(practical writing) 65%
- 小说散文(fiction and prose) 55%
- 戏剧电影(drama & film script) 45%
- 诗歌歌词(poetry & songs) 35%
以上文献直译程度递减。
- 直译(Literal Translation)
- 意译(Free Translation)
- 死译(Mechanical Translation)
- 胡译(Random Translation)
- 异化(Alienation/Foreignization):文化的直译
- 归化(Naturalization/domestication):文化的等值译法
例如:to kill two birds with one stone
- 一石二鸟
- 一箭双雕
- 一举两得(原文形象没有,归化程度大大降低)
二、对等译法 Equivalent Method in Translation
- 词 Words(television = 电视;坐 = sit;watch >= 手表;笑 >= smile)
- 句 Sentences(思君令人老 = to think of you makes me old. It makes me old to think of you. 较为口语,不文言)
- 成语 Idioms, proverbs, sayings, set phrases
- 辞格 Figures of speech (明喻 = simile;暗喻 = metaphor;拟人 = personification;夸张 = hyperbole [exaggeration只是夸大,不包括缩小];讳饰/委婉语 = euphemism [委婉语主要从成语角度讲])
三、各种常见译法 Various Common Translation Methods
- 论增词、减词(Amplification & Omission)
- 语言层面:I wash my face. 我洗脸。
- 文化层面:注释:她妹妹是西施。His sister is a Xi Shi, a typical Chinese beauty.;Her uncle is a Zhu Geliang, a mastermind.
- 论长句的译法(Cutting-off method)
- 论正反译法(Affirmative & Negative)
- un- in- im- ab- ... -less deny fail
- 无、未、……(原)本……
- Wet paint. 油漆未干
- 他赤脚走近房间。He came into the room with no shoes on.
- 论褒贬译法(Derogatory & Commendatory)
- landlord 中性;地主 贬义
- propaganda 贬义;宣传 褒义
- 狗、龙等的延伸义
- commit
- Do not commit yourself. 不要把话说绝。不要做承诺。
- He is a commited Nazi. 他是个死心塌地的纳粹分子。(立场问题)
- He is a commited Communist. 他是个忠心耿耿的共产主义者。(立场问题)
- As luck would have it 凑巧 —— 可好可坏
- As luck would have it, there is a heavy rain on the day of picnic. 不巧,我们野餐……
- As luck would have it, there was no one in the building when the explosion occurs. 幸运的是……
四、鉴赏优秀译文 Appreciation of Excellent Translation
- 第三帝国的兴亡,董乐山等译(The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich)
- 基辛格,齐沛合译(Kissinger)
- 傲慢与偏见,王科一译(Pride and Prejudice)
- 飘,傅东华译(Gone with the Wind)典型归化译本
- 红楼梦,杨宪益、戴乃迭译(A Dream of the Red Mansion)
- 子夜,沙博理译(Midnight)
- 雷雨、日出,王佐良、巴恩斯译(Thunderstorm; Sunrise)
- 你是平……凭什么打我的儿子
- You are my ... mighty free with your hands
- 彷徨、呐喊,杨宪益、戴乃迭译(Wandering, Call of the Arms)
- 蝴蝶梦(香港版)Rebecca
- 阿Q正传(香港版)The True Story of Ah Q
- 水浒传(美国版)All Men Are Brothers,赛珍珠译 Tr. Pearl S. Buck
- 宋江“开门见山”地说 Song Jiang said in the fashion of opening the door and seeing the mountains
- 李逵说:“放屁!放屁!” Li Kui shouted, "Fart! Fart!"
六、比较多种译本 Comparative Study of Different Versions
- 林肯演说(8种)
- 论读书(14种)
- 飘(14种)
- 傲慢与偏见(8种)
- 简爱(8)
- 呼啸山庄(4)
- 哈姆雷特(8)
莎士比亚诗(8)
唐诗宋词(10)
- 聊斋志异(4)
- 水浒站(3)
- 红楼梦(3)David Hawks、杨戴、前57回
- 阿Q正传(3)
- 骆驼祥子(2)
- 青春之歌(2)
- 上海的早晨(2)
七、习语与翻译 Idioms and Translation
习语 ≠ 成语
- 成语
- 狭义:以四字为主体的成语
- 广义:狭义+惯用语+歇后语+俗语+谚语+格言+粗俗语
熟语、习语来表示广义成语
- 汉语成语的英译
- 红楼梦中广义成语5000多条;狭义成语300多条 整个文本中占30%,但语义占20%
- 英语成语的汗译
- Idioms
- 广义idioms在文本中percentage>6%;口语体>8%;语义占30%
- 四字格的运用
- 语义言简意赅、语形工整 2+2(一般) 语音朗朗上口
- 英语成语的运用
原文 |
杨译 |
Hawks译 |
……竟渐渐的露出那下世的光景来 |
he began to look like a man with one foot in the grave |
began to betray the unmistakable symptoms of a decline |
“解得切解得切” |
have hit the nail on the head (击中要害) |
A very accurate commentary! |
“所见不差” |
Your assumption is correct. |
have hit the nail on the head |
“骂得巧” |
hit the nail ... |
|
“恰是了” |
hit the nail ... |
|
“闲居无聊” |
finding time hang heavy on his hands |
bored by his enforced idleness |
“即忙” |
lost no time in ... |
without delay |
“固是不从” |
wouldn't hear of it |
wouldn't hear of it |
“不知……” |
at a loss |
|
“悄悄的” |
on the sly |
|
- 谚语的翻译
- 一般是上下两句:1° 长短相宜 2° 尽管押韵
- When the cat is away, the mouse is at play. 猫儿不在,鼠儿作怪。
- 惯用语的翻译
- 歇后语的翻译
- 1种语义前后照应(直译能够看得懂):十五个吊桶打水——七上八下
- 2种语音(一般只能牺牲一半):和尚撑伞——无发(法)无天;罗锅子躺铁炉——死了也直(值)了。
- 注意文本对应
- 诙谐、侮辱性
- 使用者身份
- 文化背景的对应
- 俚语的翻译(委婉语;诅咒语;粗俗语))