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@cyysu 2021-12-03T05:43:52.000000Z 字数 10835 阅读 1382

Qemu调试Linux教程

  • 时间：2018年9月14日12:58:09
  • 作者：Kali
  • 邮箱：cyysu.github.io@gmail.com
  • 版本：6.0
  • 描述：qemu模拟A9开发板，并定制自己的根文件系统以及内核等有关教程。

QEMU模拟器系列教程

0.交叉工具准备

  1. sudo apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi
  3. 安装好之后和我文件的前缀是不一样的，为arm-linux-gnueabi-

1.下载qemu，源码编译安装

点我直接下载

  1. # 1. 安装依赖
  2. sudo apt install zlib1g-dev
  3. sudo apt install libglib2.0-0 libglib2.0-dev
  4. sudo apt install libsdl1.2-dev
  5. sudo apt install libpixman-1-dev libfdt-dev
  7. # 2. 下载源码
  8. http://ow0q6dddn.bkt.clouddn.com/qemu-2.8.0.tar.xz
  10. # 3. 编译与安装（这里采用默认配置，编译会比较长）
  11. ./configure
  12. make -j8 && sudo make install 
  15. 如果嫌以上太长，可以使用如下配置
  16. ./configure --target-list=arm-softmmu --audio-drv-list=

2.下载Linux内核-4.10.2

点我直接下载

  1. # 1. 修改Makefile
  2. ARCH            ?= arm
  3. CROSS_COMPILE   ?= arm-none-linux-gnueabi-
  5. # 2. 生成.config
  6. mj@DZ:~/linux-4.10.2$ make vexpress_defconfig
  8. # 3. 编译内核
  9. mj@DZ:~/linux-4.10.2$ make -j8 zImage
  11. # 4. 编译内核模块
  12. mj@DZ:~/linux-4.10.2$ make modules -j8
  14. # 5. 编译设备树文件
  15. mj@DZ:~/linux-4.10.2$ make dtbs

3. 试启动Linux内核

  1. mj@DZ:~$ cat start.sh 
  2. sudo qemu-system-arm \
  3.     -M vexpress-a9 \
  4.     -m 512M \
  5.     -kernel /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/zImage \
  6.     -dtb /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/dts/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb \
  7.     -nographic \
  8.     -append "console=ttyAMA0" \

最后的启动形式如下：(这个时候就需要我们制作自己的根文件系统了)

4. 使用busybox制作根文件系统 - busybox-1.24.2

点我直接进行下载
使用文件打包下载

  1. # 1. 修改Makefile
  2. ARCH            ?= arm
  3. CROSS_COMPILE   ?= arm-none-linux-gnueabi-
  5. # 2. 预编译
  6. mj@DZ:~/busybox-1.24.2$ make defconfig
  8. # 3. 配置menuconfig
  9. 注意配置成静态库
  10. Busybox Settings  --->   
  11.      Build Options  --->   
  12.         [*] Build BusyBox as a static binary (no shared libs) 
  14. # 4. 开始编译
  15. mj@DZ:~/busybox-1.24.2$ make -j8 
  17. # 5. 安装
  18. mj@DZ:~/busybox-1.24.2$ make install  
  20. # 6. 开始制作
  21. 使用下面的脚本进行一键制作或者下载如下文件
  23. # 7. 继续启动我们的Linux内核
  24. mj@DZ:~$ cat start.sh 
  25. sudo qemu-system-arm \
  26.     -M vexpress-a9 \
  27.     -m 512M \
  28.     -kernel /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/zImage \
  29.     -dtb /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/dts/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb \
  30.     -nographic \
  31.     -append "root=/dev/mmcblk0 rw console=ttyAMA0" \
  32.     -sd /home/mj/rootfs/rootfs.ext3
  34. # 8. 定制一下我们自己的欢迎界面-编辑文件系统中的/etc/init.d/rcS
  35. #!/bin/sh
  36. echo "########################################"
  37. echo "##    welcome to MJ Qemu A9 board!    ##"
  38. echo "########################################"
  40. # 9. 问题解决
  41. sync.c:(.text.sync_main+0x78): undefined reference to `syncfs'
  42. collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
  44. 去掉menuconfig中如下这个命令中[*]的*
  45. Coreutils  --->  
  46.        [ ] sync     
  1. #!/bin/bash
  2. DATE=`date +"%Y-%m-%d"`
  5. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #=======================================================\033[0m"
  6. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Author           : MJ_DZ chenyuan                     \033[0m"
  7. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  8. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Email            : cyysu.github.io@gmail.com          \033[0m"
  9. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  10. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Last modified    : $DATE                         \033[0m"
  11. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  12. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Filename         : mk-sd.sh                           \033[0m"
  13. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  14. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Description      : Root file system script            \033[0m"
  15. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #=======================================================\033[0m"
  18. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to delete last files on the disk!\033[0m"
  19. sudo rm -rf rootfs* 2&> /dev/null
  22. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to create directory rootfs rootfs/lib!\033[0m"
  23. sudo mkdir rootfs
  24. sudo mkdir rootfs/lib
  27. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to copy file from busybox to rootfs!\033[0m"
  28. sudo cp ../busybox-1.24.2/_install/*  rootfs/ -raf
  31. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to copy file from cross tools to rootfs!\033[0m"
  32. sudo cp -p  /opt/arm-2011.03/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/lib/*  rootfs/lib
  35. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to create char device !\033[0m"
  36. sudo mkdir -p rootfs/dev/
  37. sudo mknod rootfs/dev/tty1 c 4 1
  38. sudo mknod rootfs/dev/tty2 c 4 2
  39. sudo mknod rootfs/dev/tty3 c 4 3
  40. sudo mknod rootfs/dev/tty4 c 4 4
  41. sudo mknod rootfs/dev/console c 5 1
  42. sudo mknod rootfs/dev/null c 1 3
  45. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to create others directory!\033[0m"
  46. sudo mkdir -p rootfs/proc/
  47. sudo mkdir -p rootfs/sys/
  48. sudo mkdir -p rootfs/tmp/
  49. sudo mkdir -p rootfs/root/
  50. sudo mkdir -p rootfs/var/
  51. sudo mkdir -p rootfs/mnt/
  52. sudo cp    -arf etc/ rootfs/
  54. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to make SD image!\033[0m"
  55. sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=rootfs.ext3 bs=1M count=32
  56. sudo mkfs.ext3 rootfs.ext3
  59. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to mount image and copy rootfs to it!\033[0m"
  60. sudo mount -t ext3 rootfs.ext3 /mnt/  -o loop
  61. sudo cp -raf rootfs/*  /mnt
  62. sudo umount /mnt/
  65. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m[info] Congratulations on your successful installation!\033[0m"

执行效果如下，蓝色区域是带闪动的效果，使用xshell即可看出
xshell下载链接

动态效果如下

这个时候启动的Linux的效果如下

Ctrl + A,然后 按下 X，就可以退出这个模拟系统
Ctrl + A,然后 按下 X，就可以退出这个模拟系统
Ctrl + A,然后 按下 X，就可以退出这个模拟系统

如果你感觉这个不炫丽，那么装13的配置来了

  1. mj@DZ:~$ cat start-graphic.sh 
  2. sudo qemu-system-arm \
  3.     -M vexpress-a9 \
  4.     -m 512M \
  5.     -kernel /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/zImage \
  6.     -dtb /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/dts/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb \
  7.  -append "root=/dev/mmcblk0 rw console=tty0" \
  8.     -sd /home/mj/rootfs/rootfs.ext3

装13要完美，如果连关闭这个界面都不会还装sha！！

ctrl + alt 1和ctrl + alt 2进行界面切换，同时也可以将这个界面关闭
ctrl + alt 1和ctrl + alt 2进行界面切换，同时也可以将这个界面关闭
ctrl + alt 1和ctrl + alt 2进行界面切换，同时也可以将这个界面关闭

5. 使用u-boot引导Linux-uboot-2017.05

uboot-2017.05下载

  1. #1. 修改Makefile
  2. CROSS_COMPILE   ?= arm-none-linux-gnueabi-
  4. #2. 修改config.mk 
  5. ARCH            ?= arm
  7. #3. 配置环境变量
  8. mj@DZ:~$ vim ~/.bashrc 
  9. export ARCH=arm
  10. export CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi-
  11. mj@DZ:~$ source ~/.bashrc 
  13. #4. 编译
  14. make vexpress_ca9x4_defconfig
  15. make -j8
  17. #5. 引导
  18. mj@DZ:~/u-boot-2017.05$ qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -m 512M -nographic -kernel u-boot
  20. #6. 如果出现以下问题，解决方案看如下
  21. lib/asm-offsets.c:1:0: error: bad value (armv5) for -march= switch
  22.  /*
  23.  ^
  24. Kbuild:43: recipe for target 'lib/asm-offsets.s' failed
  25. make[1]: *** [lib/asm-offsets.s] Error 1
  26. make[1]: *** 正在等待未完成的任务....
  27. arch/arm/lib/asm-offsets.c:1:0: error: bad value (armv5) for -march= switch

解决方案

  1. 配置一个环境变量
  2. vim ~/.bashrc
  3. # 加入如下这两行代码
  4. export ARCH=arm
  5. export CROSS_COMPILE=arm-none-linux-gnueabi-
  7. # 执行
  8. source ~/.bashrc

启动效果

6. 配置QEMU网络功能

  1. • 采用桥接(bridge)的网络连接与Host通信
  2. • 需要主机内核tun/tap模块支持
  1. #1. 安装依赖包
  2. sudo apt install uml-utilities bridge-utils
  4. #2. 查看设备
  5. mj@DZ:~/u-boot-2017.05$ ll /dev/net/tun
  6. crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 200 9月  14 12:33 /dev/net/tun
  8. #3. 设置网卡配置文件
  9. mj@DZ:~$ cat /etc/network/interfaces
  10. # interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
  11. auto lo
  12. iface lo inet loopback
  14. auto eth0
  16. auto br0
  17. iface br0 inet dhcp
  18.  bridge_ports ens33
  20. #4. 这些文件默认在安装完qemu就有，不需要修改
  21. mj@DZ:~$ cat /etc/qemu-if
  22. qemu-ifdown  qemu-ifup  
  24. #5. 重新编译内核，使用uboot引导
  25. mj@DZ:~/linux-4.10.2$ make LOADADDR=0x60003000 uImage -j8
  26.   CHK     include/config/kernel.release
  27.   CHK     include/generated/uapi/linux/version.h
  28.   CHK     include/generated/utsrelease.h
  29.   CHK     include/generated/timeconst.h
  30.   CHK     include/generated/bounds.h
  31.   CHK     include/generated/asm-offsets.h
  32.   CALL    scripts/checksyscalls.sh
  33.   CHK     include/generated/compile.h
  34.   CHK     kernel/config_data.h
  35.   Kernel: arch/arm/boot/Image is ready
  36.   Kernel: arch/arm/boot/zImage is ready
  37.   UIMAGE  arch/arm/boot/uImage
  38. Image Name:   Linux-4.10.2
  39. Created:      Fri Sep 14 16:34:52 2018
  40. Image Type:   ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
  41. Data Size:    3945760 Bytes = 3853.28 kB = 3.76 MB
  42. Load Address: 60003000
  43. Entry Point:  60003000
  44.   Kernel: arch/arm/boot/uImage is ready
  46. #6. 主机配置tftp服务器
  47. mj@DZ:~/linux-4.10.2$ sudo apt-get install tftp-hpa tftpd-hpa xinetd
  49. # 配置文件
  50. mj@DZ:~/linux-4.10.2$ cat /etc/default/tftpd-hpa
  51. # /etc/default/tftpd-hpa
  52. TFTP_USERNAME="tftp"
  53. TFTP_DIRECTORY="/var/lib/tftpboot"
  54. TFTP_ADDRESS="0.0.0.0:69"
  55. TFTP_OPTIONS="-l -c -s"
  57. # 增加权限
  58. mj@DZ:~/linux-4.10.2$ sudo chmod 777 /var/lib/tftpboot/
  60. # 重启
  61. mj@DZ:~/linux-4.10.2$ /etc/init.d/tftpd-hpa restart
  63. #7. 修改u-boot引导内核镜像地址 - 188行，添加如下内容
  64. mj@DZ:~/u-boot-2017.05$ vim include/configs/vexpress_common.h +188
  65. #define CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND \
  66.         "tftp 0x60003000 uImage;tftp 0x60500000 vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb; \
  67.         setenv bootargs 'root=/dev/mmcblk0 console=ttyAMA0';\
  68.         bootm 0x60003000 - 0x60500000; "
  70. /*定义板卡IP地址*/
  71. #define CONFIG_IPADDR 10.168.6.100
  72. #define CONFIG_NETMASK 255.255.255.0
  73. /*tftp服务器地址*/
  74. #define CONFIG_SERVERIP 10.168.6.21
  76. #8. 修改我们的启动脚本文件-无界面
  77. #!/bin/bash
  78. DATE=`date +"%Y-%m-%d"`
  81. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #=======================================================\033[0m"
  82. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Author           : MJ_DZ chenyuan                     \033[0m"
  83. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  84. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Email            : cyysu.github.io@gmail.com          \033[0m"
  85. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  86. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Last modified    : $DATE                         \033[0m"
  87. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  88. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Filename         : start-nographic.sh                 \033[0m"
  89. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  90. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Description      : Boot system script                 \033[0m"
  91. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #=======================================================\033[0m"
  94. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to copy dtb files to tftp home directory!\033[0m"
  95. sudo cp  /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/dts/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb /var/lib/tftpboot
  97. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to copy linux kernel to tftp home directory!\033[0m"
  98. sudo cp  /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/uImage /var/lib/tftpboot
  100. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to run qemu vexpress-a9 board!\033[0m"
  101. sudo qemu-system-arm \
  102.     -M vexpress-a9 \
  103.     -m 512M \
  104.     -kernel /home/mj/u-boot-2017.05/u-boot \
  105.     -nographic \
  106.     -sd /home/mj/rootfs/rootfs.ext3 \
  107.     -net nic,vlan=0 \
  108.     -net tap,vlan=0,ifname=tap0
  109.     #-dtb /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/dts/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb \
  110.     #-append "root=/dev/mmcblk0 rw console=ttyAMA0" \
  111.     #-kernel /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/zImage \
  115. #9. 如果你想启动有界面的程序，需要你如下做
  116. #define CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND \
  117.         "tftp 0x60003000 uImage;tftp 0x60500000 vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb; \
  118.         setenv bootargs 'root=/dev/mmcblk0 console=ttyAMA0 console=tty0';\
  119.         bootm 0x60003000 - 0x60500000; "
  123. 脚本内容如下：
  124. #!/bin/bash
  125. DATE=`date +"%Y-%m-%d"`
  128. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #=======================================================\033[0m"
  129. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Author           : MJ_DZ chenyuan                     \033[0m"
  130. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  131. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Email            : cyysu.github.io@gmail.com          \033[0m"
  132. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  133. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Last modified    : $DATE                         \033[0m"
  134. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  135. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Filename         : start-nographic.sh                 \033[0m"
  136. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #                                                       \033[0m"
  137. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m # Description      : Boot system script                 \033[0m"
  138. echo -e "\033[44;37;5m #=======================================================\033[0m"
  141. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to copy dtb files to tftp home directory!\033[0m"
  142. sudo cp  /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/dts/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb /var/lib/tftpboot
  144. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to copy linux kernel to tftp home directory!\033[0m"
  145. sudo cp  /home/mj/linux-4.10.2/arch/arm/boot/uImage /var/lib/tftpboot
  147. echo -e "\033[32m[info] Begin to run qemu vexpress-a9 board!\033[0m"
  148. sudo qemu-system-arm \
  149.     -M vexpress-a9 \
  150.     -m 512M \
  151.     -kernel /home/mj/u-boot-2017.05/u-boot \
  152.     -sd /home/mj/rootfs/rootfs.ext3 \
  153.     -net nic,vlan=0 \
  154.     -net tap,vlan=0,ifname=tap0

以上两个文件的默认配置

  1. mj@DZ:~$ cat /etc/qemu-ifup 
  2. #! /bin/sh
  3. # Script to bring a network (tap) device for qemu up.
  4. # The idea is to add the tap device to the same bridge
  5. # as we have default routing to.
  7. # in order to be able to find brctl
  8. PATH=$PATH:/sbin:/usr/sbin
  9. ip=$(which ip)
  11. if [ -n "$ip" ]; then
  12.    ip link set "$1" up
  13. else
  14.    brctl=$(which brctl)
  15.    if [ ! "$ip" -o ! "$brctl" ]; then
  16.      echo "W: $0: not doing any bridge processing: neither ip nor brctl utility not found" >&2
  17.      exit 0
  18.    fi
  19.    ifconfig "$1" 0.0.0.0 up
  20. fi
  22. switch=$(ip route ls | \
  23.     awk '/^default / {
  24.           for(i=0;i<NF;i++) { if ($i == "dev") { print $(i+1); next; } }
  25.          }'
  26.         )
  28. # only add the interface to default-route bridge if we
  29. # have such interface (with default route) and if that
  30. # interface is actually a bridge.
  31. # It is possible to have several default routes too
  32. for br in $switch; do
  33.     if [ -d /sys/class/net/$br/bridge/. ]; then
  34.         if [ -n "$ip" ]; then
  35.           ip link set "$1" master "$br"
  36.         else
  37.           brctl addif $br "$1"
  38.         fi
  39.         exit    # exit with status of the previous command
  40.     fi
  41. done
  43. echo "W: $0: no bridge for guest interface found" >&2
  1. mj@DZ:~$ cat /etc/qemu-ifdown 
  2. #! /bin/sh
  3. # Script to shut down a network (tap) device for qemu.
  4. # Initially this script is empty, but you can configure,
  5. # for example, accounting info here.
  7. :

7. 设置网络根文件系统步骤

一个完整的启动过程动画演示

此系统还不够完善，后面后出一个详细的定制根文件系统。未完待续。。。

结束语

以上内容有笔者自己编写，也有摘自互联网。摘自互联网部分笔者都会仔细阅读，确保符合笔者当时测试情况进行编写，当然在学习的过程中不可避免的有理解不到位的地方，还请读友批评指正。

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