雅思写作小作文

雅思 写作 task1

在此记录自己在学习雅思写作task1时的知识点、总结和自己的感悟，以便于未来的复习和给其他人的分享。

内容主要来自于雅思前考官Liz的个人网站和Simon的个人网站及Simon的视频。

Task1

Task 1 classification

• Line chart
• Bar chart
• Pie chart
• table
• map
• diagram

Task1 tips

1. 列出提纲！列出提纲可以帮助写作更清楚、有条理。
2. 不要用在图表中出现过的词汇！
3. 不要一条条列出数据
4. 进行对比（异同）
5. 不要弄错数据
6. 不要添加任何信息和观点，完全客观地作答。

Task1 structure

4 paragraphs：

1. Introduction
2. Overview
3. Details
4. Details

Line Graph

Introduction：

Paraphrase the description of the graph.

Introduction tips:

1. 原文用的graph，paraphrase可以用line graph。
2. 原文使用的指示图像位置的词比如below，above可以不要，原文括号里面的词可以不要。
3. shows可以替换为illustrates，如果是多条线，可以使用compares, average可以替换为typical。
4. 原文来说一般不会说数据的纵坐标是什么类型（数量/比例等等），但是在paraphrase的时候要补全。
5. 地点词一般不会改变。
6. 时间词一般来说可以只改变连接词（between改为from），也可以将两个时间点的描述改为描述时间段的长短。

Expample1:

原文：

 The graph below shows electricity production (in terawatt hours) in France between 1980 and 2012.

重述：

The line graph compares the amout of electricity produced in France using four different sources of power over a period of 32 years.

Example2：

The line graph below shows radio and television audiences throughout the day in 1992.

重述后：

The line graph illustrates the proportion/percentage of people listening to the radio and watching TV who were over the age of 4 in a 24 hour period in the UK from October to December 1992.

Words for overview section

• Overall

Words for line graph

Adverbs:

• steadily, gradually
• sharply, dramatically, steeply
• slightly
• significantly, considerably

Adjectives:

• steady, gradual
• sharp, rapid, steep, dramatic
• slight
• significant, considerable

Prases for describing tendency

Upward trend:

• rise / a rise
• increase / an increase
• climb / a climb
• grow / a grow
• go up
• jump

Downward trend:

• decrease / a decrease
• drop / a drop
• fall / a fall
• decline / a decline
• plunge / a plunge

Other vocabulary:

• fluctuate / a fluctuation
• dip / a drip
• remain steady
• remain stable
• remain unchanged
• level off = be stable
• peak at
• reach a peak of
• hit a high of
• hit a low of
• bottom out
• plateau

Words for describing numbers

Under:

• under
• below
• less than
• just under
• slightly under
• nearly
• close to
• well under
• condiderably less than

About:

• about
• approximately
• around

Over:

• over
• above
• more than
• just over
• slightly over
• marginally above
• well over
• considerably more than

Bar Charts

To compare the bar

Introduction section is similar to the line graph.

Review section mainly focus on the highest/lowest bar and the tendency of the bar if the bar graph choose time as a parameter.

The most different section is the detail section.
We can devide the graph into two parts, either by the height of the bar, or the tendency of the bar. These two parts are connected to the two detail paragraphs. In each paragraph, we focus on the comparison. In this section, absolute number is needed unlike the review section. Remember to use approximately/ under/ above to describe numbers.

Example 3:

The bar chart below shows the number of research students studying different subject in 2005.

My answer:

The bar chart compares the quantity of male and female students doing research in 6 majors in the year of 2005.

Overall, natural science subject has the most similar ratio of male and female research students, while the difference of the male and female students in mathematics is the greatest in the five subjects. Interestingly, linguistics is the only subject of which the female students have a greater number over male students.

Students in psychology and natural sciences have the most quantities in all five subjects, with the number of about 375 and 400, respectively. The difference is that natural sciences subject has nearly the same male and famale research students, around 200, while the number of female students in psychology is about 25 less than that of male students.

The other four subjects have the resemble number of students, in the range of approximately 200 to 250. The balance between male and female is extremely out of order in mathematics where the number of male students is over four times that of female students, with a figure of around 200 and 40, respectively. Unlike other subjects, linguistics has more females than males, one above 100 while another below 100.

Model Answer:

The bar chart illustrates how many male and female research students studied six different subjects (linguistics, psychology, natural sciences, engineering, programming and mathematics) in 2005.

Overall, there were more male research students than female in 2005. Although the most popular subject for both genders was natural sciences, men least preferred linguistics and women showed little interest in mathematics. Linguistics was the only subject that was favoured by women more than men.

There was a similar number of men and women in three subjects. There were qual numbers in research students (200) studying natural sciences. There was a difference between the genders of about 25 in both psychology and linguistics with more women learning linguistics (around 110) and more men taking psychology (200).

A difference of about half was evident in engineering and programming where 150 men chose both subjects. By contrast, 200 men selected mathematics which was approximately five fold that of women (about 40).

分析：
1. Introduction部分的内容没什么问题。
2. Overview中My answer出现了"similar ratio","greatest difference","a greater number"这样的描述数目多少的表达，这是错误的。在Overview部分要描述的其实是一个结论性的东西，比如Model answer中的"prefer","favour","popular","show little interest in"等等这样的表达。
3. Overview部分My answer中主要是以subject为中心来进行的表述，但实质上，我们关心的应该是人本身，更应该说人有什么样的倾向，而不是subject有什么样的人数特征。
4. 数字不用每次都使用"with a number of","has xxx students"这样长的表达，其实可以直接在后面用括号括起来进行说明。同时，图中对齐了坐标轴的数字可以明确写出，只有没有对齐坐标轴的数字才使用nearly, around, about这样的表达。
5. 学习可以使用Learning, studing ,taking

Example 4：

My Answer:

The bar chart compares the money spent on consumer goods in France and UK in the year of 2010.

Overall, British people had more positive shopping attitudes on consumer goods than French people. Precisely, British preferred cars, books and camera. Particularly, cameras were really popular in UK. For French people, computers and perfume played an important role in their lives.

There were slight differences in the expenditure on cars and books, which cost more in UK, with about 50,000 and 100,000 more than in France respectively. British people spent quite a lot money on cameras, which was over two times as much as that in France (above 350,000).

A difference of about one third was evident in the expenditure of perfume, where French people spent around 200,000 while British people spent below 150,000. British and French spent similar money on computers, with a slight higher comsumption in France (approximately 375,000).

Model Answer:

The chart illustrates the amout of money spent on five consumer goods (cars, computers, books, perfume and cameras) in France and the UK in 2010. Units are measureed in pounds sterling.

Overall, the UK spent more money on consumer goods than France in the period given. Both the British and the French spent most of their money on cars whereas the least amout of money was spent on perfume in the UK compared to the cameras in France. Furthermore, the most significant difference in expenditure between the two countries was on cameras.

In terms of cars, people in the UK spent about 450,000 on this as opposed to the French at 400,000. Similarly, the Bitish expenditure was higher on books than the French (around 400,000 and 300,000 respectively). In the UK, expenditure on cameras (just over 350,000) was over double that of France, which was only 150,000.

On the other hand, the amount of money paid out on the remaining goods was higher in France. Above 350,000 was spent by the French on computers which was slightly more than the British who spent exactly 350,000. Neither of the countries spent much on perfume which accounted for 200,000 of expenditure in France but under 150,000 in UK.

分析：
1. Introduction部分若有不同的分类（比如该图中的cars, computers等等），需要在Introduction里面以括号的形式说清楚有哪几类。
2. 若文字中说明了数字的单位，一定要在Introduction中说明。比如，"pounds sterling"，需要在Introduction中写：Units are measureed in pounds sterling。
3. 连接词的使用要更加自然。

Pie Charts

Pie charts can show numbers, but they always show percentage.

描述pie chart的大体特征：

• 当pie chart中是number时：
  sth is the ...(最高级)... of (number) (in some extent).

• 当pie chart中是percentage时：
  xx percent of (sb/sth) (in some extent) prefer sth to any/other sth.

其他用来描述比例的词：

• half of the ...
• one third of the ...
• two thirds of the ...
• ten out of twenty ..
• accounts for the highest proportion ..
• take roughly xx% ..

若图中没有明确给出比例的数据，一定要使用类似于around/about/approximately等词来表达对数据的估计。

Pie charts can also be used for describing tendency and comparison.

To compare the percentage (the number)

In the overview section, make a very general comparison. The point is to lay out the similarities and differences of the charts. No numbers are mentioned here.

In the detail section, choose the same information as the overview section, but in more detail.
一般来说，在overview section中会描述similarity和difference，因此在第三段和第四段中可以分别详细描述相似和不同的具体数目。若第三段没有涵盖所有的类别，可以在第四段中描述完。

Tips:

• Don't describe each country separately.
• Don't describe each year separately.
• Compare countries and years together.
• Mention all categories.

用来描述对比的词汇：

• counterparts：
  UK residents spent a significantly larger percentage of their household budgets on leisure than their New Zealand counterparts.

• the equivalent figure for XX
  In 1980, 29% percent of an average New Zealand household budget went on food and drink, while the equivalent figure for a UK home was 23 percent.

Table

Your job is to select, describe and compare the key numbers.
Paraphrase:
在introduction中，要将表格头部的信息包括到。
比如：

The table below shows statistics about the top five countries for international tourism in 2012 and 2013.

重述：
The table compares the five highest ranking contries in terms of the numbers of visits and the money spent over a period of time.
因为表头有写这个表是关于the numebrs of visits和the money spent，因此需要将原文的international tourism改为这两个。

句式：

compares ... in terms of xxx and xxx (in some time extent).
xxx表示表头信息

Overview部分关键在于找most或者least

We can't mention all the numebrs. It's nice to choose ten out of twenty numbers.

Vocabulary:

• five highest ranking countries
• the world's most popular tourist destination
• earned by far the most
• the second most visited country
• ranked fifth
• 2015 saw a rise/clime/jump/decrease/drop/plunge of
• these figures were well over twice as high as ...

Example 5：

My answer:

The table compares the percentage of 65 and above 65 years old people in Canada, Germany and the UK in the year of 1988, 2000 and 2030 (predictions).

Overall, Germany has had the highest ratio of the elder people, whenever in the past or in the future. In contrast, the UK has seemed to be the youngest country in the whole 3 countries.

Through about 42 years, the ratios of the elder people in three countries have all rose approximately half of the figures in 1998. From 1998 to 2000, Germany and Canada had experienced a jump of nearly 5 percent of the population aged 65 and above, to 25.32 and 20.67 respectively. However, this figure had little change in their British counterpart.

The tendency will remain with regard to Germany and Canada, but the number from 2000 to 2030 will be greater than that in Germany, with Canadian figure from 20.67 to 26.35 while German figure from 25.32 to 30.42. Unlike the previous 12 years, the percentage of elder people in the UK is to increase a lot, from 14.89 in 2000 to 20.35 in 2030.

Model answer:

The table gives information about the proportion of the population who are 65 years old and over in 3 countries (Canada, Germany and the UK) in 1988, 2000 and estimated percentage in 2030.

Overall, the population of elderly people is predicted to rise in all three countries from 1988 to 2030. The highest percentage of older people was in Germany, which will continue to remain the highest in 2030, while the lowest proportion can be seen in the UK over the period given.

Between 1988 and 2000, the aging population of Canada and Germany went up by around 5% to 20.67% and 25.32% respectively. The UK, on the other hand, showed relatively little change in the proportion of its population aged 65 plus and remained at just under 15% in both years.

By 2030, it is expected that the population of people aged 65 and above will increase by approximately 5.5% in all three countries. The percentage is forecast to reach 30.42% in Germany, 26.35% in Canada and 20.35% in the UK.

分析：
1. 描述65或超过65岁的人：

the population who are 65 years old and over.
the population of elderly people.
older people.
the aging population.
its population aged 65 plus.
the population of people aged 65 and above.
（特别的，如果是用来描述类比和对比的句子，后一个字句只需要说到比例，而完整的描述65或超过65。比如，while the lowest proportion can be ...）。

2. 描述比例

the proportion
the percentage
也可以描述为the population increase xxx%，这样就不用每次都说the proportion of the population increase xxx。

3. 若图中有过去也有将来，时态

描述从过去到未来，可以使用is predicted to, is expected to, the forecast to等等表示推测的短语，从而避开时态。而过去和未来单独出现的句子就分别使用过去式和将来时。

Function:
在描述数据的时候，可以先一句概括性的语句，再紧接说明数据。

描述概括

• the majority of ...
• ... in the minority

描述数据

• with ..
• attracting ...
• To be proceise, ...
• was taken by a mere 15 people

Process Diagram

No numbers, but process (steps and arrows)

• No numbers
• No comparison
• can't describe trend.

Language for process diagram

step language:

• at the first stage in the process
• the process begin with
• Secondly, Finally
• the second step invovles
• Next, then, after that
• all the following stage

passive verbs

下一个步骤的开头可以紧接上一个步骤的paraphrase words，比如将上一句中的are mixed换成this mixture then...

Vocabulary

• consists of 4 stages.
• it requires 5 steps
• raw material, end product
• are mixed -> this mixture
• collection -> this collected glass
• is melted -> the resulting molten glass

Example 6：

The diagram below shows the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process, and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.

My answer:

The diagrams illustate how to make cement and the process needed to use cement to produce concrete, as a kind of building material.

It requires four stages for the raw material Limestone and Clay becomes to the intermediate product cement. Then, the process from cement to concrete as the end product consists of only one step.

Cement-making process is initiated with the crushing of limestone and clay, after which the powder is passed through the mixer. The mixture is then heated by the rotating heater, followed by delivering to the grinder to produce cement. Additionally, cement needs to be packed in bags for storage and sale.

When comes to the concrete production, cement, together with sand, gravel and water is mixed by the concrete mixer. The proportion of each ingredient is 15 percent, 25 percent, 50 percent and 10 percent respectively.

Model answer:

The diagrams illustrate the way in which cement is made and how it is then used in the process of making concrete.

Overall, limestone and clay pass through four stages before being bagged ready for use as cement which then accounts for 15% of the four materials used to produce concrete. While the process of making cement uses a number of tools, the production of concrete requires only a concrete mixer.

In the first stage of making cement, limestone and clay are crushed together to form a powder. This powder is then combined in a mixer before passing into a rotating heater which is ground in order to produce cement. The final product is afterward put into bags ready to be used.

Regarding the second diagram, concrete consists of mainly gravel, which is small stones, and this makes up 50% of the ingredients. The other materials used are sand (25%), cement (15%) and water (10%). These are all poured into a concrete mixer which continually rotates to combine the materials and ultimately produces concrete.

分析：
1. 流程图句子几乎都是以材料作为主语，多使用被动语态， 除了makes up，pass through这样的短语。
2. 注意图中的隐含信息，比如右图右下角注释的信息以及图中没有明确写出但是有标注的信息（如concrete mixer是在不停地旋转）。

Map

Useful Map Language:

• north, south, east, west
• north east, south east, north west, south west
• X is located in the north east of the town
• The population of Y is 60,000
• Y has a population of 60,000
• X is located to the north east of Y, which has a population of 60,000
• The railway (main road) runs through / crosses / passes through / goes through Y
• A is located in the town center which has a railway running through it from north to south
• B is situated in the north east of the town just outside the housing area.

Paraphrases for Maps:
Maps的很多word不需要被重述。

• town center = city center / center of the town (a town is not a city, don't try to paraphrase the word town)
• road = street (road and street are different)
  road用来形容连接两个城镇的公路
  street用来形容两侧是房屋或其他建筑的街道
• housing area = residential area
• is located = is situated / lie /is