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@cdmonkey 2018-10-15T08:55:06.000000Z 字数 27054 阅读 2865

DNSmasq

网络服务

http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html
http://blog.csdn.net/rheostat/article/details/7831020

一、简介

默认的情况下，我们平时上网用的本地DNS服务器都是使用电信或者联通的，但是这样也导致了不少的问题，首当其冲的就是上网时经常莫名地弹出广告，或者莫名的流量被消耗掉导致网速变慢。其次是部分网站域名不能正常被解析，莫名其妙地打不开，或者时好时坏。

如果碰上不稳定的本地域名解析服务器，还可能经常出现无法解析的情况。除了要避免“坏”的解析服务的影响，我们还可以利用域名解析服务做些“好”事，例如管理局域网的DNS、给手机应用商店加速、纠正错误的DNS解析记录、保证上网更加安全、去掉网页讨厌的广告等等。

因此我们可以利用该软件来搭建一个属于自己的本地DNS服务器，享受更干净无污染、更智能快速和没有广告干扰的域名解析服务。它能够实现如下这些实用功能：

Provide DNS service.
Give priority to the use of local custom DNS.
Provide DHCP service.

能有效解决局域网中的问题如下：

局域网有很多机器希望使用一份一样的hosts定义一批名称及其对应的IP地址，你需要经常维护这份列表。
你希望局域网的人访问某个域名时，拦截下来到指定的IP地址，做缓存节省带宽或者其它用途都可以。
禁止某个域名的正常解析。

二、安装

Yum Install

简单快捷，但问题就是版本较老。

  1. [root@DNS-A1 ~]# yum install -y dnsmasq

编译安装

安装方法可参见下面的说明：
https://fossies.org/linux/misc/dns/dnsmasq-2.76.tar.gz/dnsmasq-2.76/setup.html

  1. # 需要安装依赖包：
  2. [root@PBSNTP01 ~]# yum install gcc
  3. # 解压后编译安装：
  4. [root@PBSNTP01 tools]# tar zxvf dnsmasq-2.76.tar.gz
  5. [root@PBSNTP01 tools]# cd dnsmasq-2.76
  6. [root@PBSNTP01 dnsmasq-2.76]# make install
  7. # 拷贝主配置文件：
  8. [root@PBSNTP01 dnsmasq-2.76]# cp dnsmasq.conf.example /etc/dnsmasq.conf
  9. # 创建相关的目录：
  10. [root@PBSNTP01 dnsmasq-2.76]# mkdir -pv /etc/dnsmasq.d
  11. [root@PBSNTP01 dnsmasq-2.76]# mkdir -pv /etc/dns

创建应用账号：

  1. [root@PBSNTP01 ~]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin -M dnsmasq

服务启停脚本。需要说明的是，若使用yum进行安装，则该脚本就无需手工创建，但如果是编译安装该版本，就没有服务脚本，因而需要手工创建。

  1. [root@PBSNTP01 ~]# vim /etc/init.d/dnsmasq
  2. #!/bin/sh
  3. # Startup script for the DNS caching server
  4. #
  5. # chkconfig: - 49 50
  6. # description: This script starts your DNS caching server
  7. # processname: dnsmasq
  8. # pidfile: /var/run/dnsmasq.pid
  10. # Source function library.
  11. . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
  13. # Source networking configuration.
  14. . /etc/sysconfig/network
  16. # Check that networking is up.
  17. [ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 0
  19. dnsmasq=/usr/local/sbin/dnsmasq
  20. [ -f $dnsmasq ] || exit 0
  22. DOMAIN_SUFFIX=`dnsdomainname`
  23. if [ ! -z "${DOMAIN_SUFFIX}" ]; then
  24.   OPTIONS="-s $DOMAIN_SUFFIX"
  25. fi
  27. RETVAL=0
  29. PIDFILE="/var/run/dnsmasq.pid"
  31. # See how we were called.
  32. case "$1" in
  33.   start)
  34.         if [ $UID -ne 0 ] ; then
  35.             echo "User has insufficient privilege."
  36.             exit 4
  37.         fi
  38.         echo -n "Starting dnsmasq: "
  39.         daemon $dnsmasq $OPTIONS
  40.     RETVAL=$?
  41.         echo
  42.         [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && touch /var/lock/subsys/dnsmasq
  43.         ;;
  44.   stop)
  45.         if test "x`pidfileofproc dnsmasq`" != x; then
  46.             echo -n "Shutting down dnsmasq: "
  47.             killproc dnsmasq
  48.         fi
  49.     RETVAL=$?
  50.         echo
  51.         [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && rm -f /var/lock/subsys/dnsmasq $PIDFILE
  52.         ;;
  53.   status)
  54. 	status -p $PIDFILE dnsmasq
  55.     RETVAL=$?
  56. 	;;
  57.   reload)
  58. 	if test "x`pidfileofproc dnsmasq`" != x; then
  59. 		echo -n "Reloading dnsmasq: "
  60. 		killproc dnsmasq -HUP
  61. 	fi
  62. 	RETVAL=$?
  63.     echo
  64.     ;;
  65.   force-reload)
  66.         # new configuration takes effect only after restart
  67.     $0 stop
  68. 	$0 start
  69.     RETVAL=$?
  70.         ;;
  71.   restart)
  72. 	$0 stop
  73.     $0 start
  74. 	RETVAL=$?
  75.     ;;
  76.   condrestart)
  77.         if test "x`pidfileofproc dnsmasq`" != x; then
  78.         $0 stop
  79. 		$0 start
  80.         RETVAL=$?
  81. 	    fi
  82. 	    ;;
  83.   *)
  84.         echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload|condrestart|status}"
  85.         exit 2
  86. esac
  88. exit $RETVAL

授予可执行权限：

  1. [root@PBSNTP01 ~]# chmod +x /etc/init.d/dnsmasq

修改配置

1. 修改主配置文件

首先需要修改主配置文件：

  1. [root@PBSNTP01 ~]# vim /etc/dnsmasq.conf
  2. # 确保下面的配置项被取消注释，并进行相应的配置：
  3. resolv-file=/etc/resolv.dnsmasq.conf     # 表示该服务会从这个指定的文件中寻找上游DNS服务器，事实证明该条目可以不配置。
  4. strict-order     # 取消注释。
  5. ------------------
  6. # 检查一下“no-hosts”是不是已经注释掉了，默认的情况下是注释的，服务会首先寻找本地的hosts文件再去寻找缓存下来的域名，最后去上游DNS服务器寻找。
  7. #no-hosts
  8. ------------------
  9. # 下面的配置项去掉注释，并进行如下设置，表示该服务本机自己使用有效。
  10. listen-address=127.0.0.1      # 生产中该条目没有配置。

生产中实际上只于主配置文件中追加了下面三行：

  1. user=dnsmasq
  2. group=dnsmasq
  3. conf-dir=/etc/dnsmasq.d
  4. port=53
  5. neg-ttl=3600

小提示：若配置文件发生变化需要重启服务，reload是不行的，reload只适用于解析文件发生变化的情况。

2. 创建扩展配置文件

许多实际要使用的配置条目于该文件中进行配置。

  1. [root@PBSNTP01 ~]# vim /etc/dnsmasq.d/dns.conf
  2. addn-hosts=/etc/dns/dns.suixingpay
  3. no-resolv
  4. cache-size=10240
  5. #ipv6 DNS for google
  6. #server=2001:4860:4860::8888
  7. #server=2001:4860:4860::8844
  8. #ipv6 DNS for opendns
  9. #server=2620:0:ccc::2
  10. #server=2620:0:ccd::2
  11. #other ipv4 server
  12. # The DNS Server on Internet
  13. #server=/cn/114.114.114.114
  14. server=/goole.com/8.8.8.8
  15. server=223.5.5.5
  16. server=223.6.6.6
  17. server=/paxsh.com/223.5.5.5
  18. #server=/suixingpay.com/223.5.5.5
  19. server=/fir.suixingpay.com/172.16.20.74
  20. # Set suixingpay DNS
  21. address=/.suixingpay.local/127.0.0.1
  22. address=/dh.suixingpay.com/172.16.132.241
  23. address=/ss.suixingpay.com/210.74.5.253
  24. #address=/report.suixingpay.com/10.1.30.192
  25. #address=/ad.youku.com/127.0.0.1
  26. #address=/ad.iqiyi.com/127.0.0.1

3. 创建解析文件

创建本地域名解析文件：

  1. [root@PBSNTP01 ~]# vim /etc/dns/dns.suixingpay
  2. 172.16.132.2   IaaS.suixingpay.local
  3. 172.16.132.3   vCAC-SERVER.suixingpay.local
  4. ...

4. 最后的工作

另外我们还需要修改/etc/resolv.conf这个文件，将本地主机的DNS服务器设定为自身：

  1. #
  2. [root@DNS-A1 ~]# echo "nameserver 127.0.0.1" > /etc/resolv.conf
  3. #
  4. [root@DNS-A1 ~]# cp /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.dnsmasq.conf
  5. #通过resolv.dnsmasq.conf中设置的是真正的名称服务器，可以用谷歌、阿里等公共的DNS服务器。
  6. [root@DNS-A1 ~]# echo "nameserver 8.8.8.8" > /etc/resolv.dnsmasq.conf
  7. [root@DNS-A1 ~]# cp /etc/hosts /etc/dnsmasq.hosts
  8. [root@DNS-A1 ~]# echo "addn-hosts=/etc/dnsmasq.hosts" >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf

最后，需要将主机名能够解析为回环地址：

  1. [root@PBSNTP01 ~]# vim /etc/hosts
  2. 127.0.0.1       localhost.localdomain   localhost.localdomain ... localhost  PBSNTP01
  3. ...

启动服务

  1. [root@PBSNTP01 ~]# /etc/init.d/dnsmasq start
  2. Starting dnsmasq:                                          [  OK  ]

配置文件详解

  1. # Configuration file for dnsmasq.
  2. #
  3. # Format is one option per line, legal options are the same
  4. # as the long options legal on the command line. See
  5. # "/usr/sbin/dnsmasq --help" or "man 8 dnsmasq" for details.
  7. # Listen on this specific port instead of the standard DNS port
  8. # (53). Setting this to zero completely disables DNS function,
  9. # leaving only DHCP and/or TFTP.
  10. #port=5353
  12. # The following two options make you a better netizen, since they
  13. # tell dnsmasq to filter out queries which the public DNS cannot
  14. # answer, and which load the servers (especially the root servers)
  15. # unnecessarily. If you have a dial-on-demand link they also stop
  16. # these requests from bringing up the link unnecessarily.
  18. # Never forward plain names (without a dot or domain part)
  19. #domain-needed
  20. # Never forward addresses in the non-routed address spaces.
  21. #bogus-priv
  23. # Uncomment these to enable DNSSEC validation and caching:
  24. # (Requires dnsmasq to be built with DNSSEC option.)
  25. #conf-file=%%PREFIX%%/share/dnsmasq/trust-anchors.conf
  26. #dnssec
  28. # Replies which are not DNSSEC signed may be legitimate, because the domain
  29. # is unsigned, or may be forgeries. Setting this option tells dnsmasq to
  30. # check that an unsigned reply is OK, by finding a secure proof that a DS 
  31. # record somewhere between the root and the domain does not exist. 
  32. # The cost of setting this is that even queries in unsigned domains will need
  33. # one or more extra DNS queries to verify.
  34. #dnssec-check-unsigned
  36. # Uncomment this to filter useless windows-originated DNS requests
  37. # which can trigger dial-on-demand links needlessly.
  38. # Note that (amongst other things) this blocks all SRV requests,
  39. # so don't use it if you use eg Kerberos, SIP, XMMP or Google-talk.
  40. # This option only affects forwarding, SRV records originating for
  41. # dnsmasq (via srv-host= lines) are not suppressed by it.
  42. #filterwin2k
  44. # Change this line if you want dns to get its upstream servers from
  45. # somewhere other that /etc/resolv.conf
  46. #resolv-file=
  48. # By  default,  dnsmasq  will  send queries to any of the upstream
  49. # servers it knows about and tries to favour servers to are  known
  50. # to  be  up.  Uncommenting this forces dnsmasq to try each query
  51. # with  each  server  strictly  in  the  order  they   appear   in
  52. # /etc/resolv.conf
  53. #strict-order
  55. # If you don't want dnsmasq to read /etc/resolv.conf or any other
  56. # file, getting its servers from this file instead (see below), then
  57. # uncomment this.
  58. #no-resolv
  60. # If you don't want dnsmasq to poll /etc/resolv.conf or other resolv
  61. # files for changes and re-read them then uncomment this.
  62. #no-poll
  64. # Add other name servers here, with domain specs if they are for
  65. # non-public domains.
  66. #server=/localnet/192.168.0.1
  68. # Example of routing PTR queries to nameservers: this will send all
  69. # address->name queries for 192.168.3/24 to nameserver 10.1.2.3
  70. #server=/3.168.192.in-addr.arpa/10.1.2.3
  72. # Add local-only domains here, queries in these domains are answered
  73. # from /etc/hosts or DHCP only.
  74. #local=/localnet/
  76. # Add domains which you want to force to an IP address here.
  77. # The example below send any host in double-click.net to a local
  78. # web-server.
  79. #address=/double-click.net/127.0.0.1
  81. # --address (and --server) work with IPv6 addresses too.
  82. #address=/www.thekelleys.org.uk/fe80::20d:60ff:fe36:f83
  84. # Add the IPs of all queries to yahoo.com, google.com, and their
  85. # subdomains to the vpn and search ipsets:
  86. #ipset=/yahoo.com/google.com/vpn,search
  88. # You can control how dnsmasq talks to a server: this forces
  89. # queries to 10.1.2.3 to be routed via eth1
  90. # server=10.1.2.3@eth1
  92. # and this sets the source (ie local) address used to talk to
  93. # 10.1.2.3 to 192.168.1.1 port 55 (there must be a interface with that
  94. # IP on the machine, obviously).
  95. # server=10.1.2.3@192.168.1.1#55
  97. # If you want dnsmasq to change uid and gid to something other
  98. # than the default, edit the following lines.
  99. #user=
  100. #group=
  102. # If you want dnsmasq to listen for DHCP and DNS requests only on
  103. # specified interfaces (and the loopback) give the name of the
  104. # interface (eg eth0) here.
  105. # Repeat the line for more than one interface.
  106. #interface=
  107. # Or you can specify which interface _not_ to listen on
  108. #except-interface=
  109. # Or which to listen on by address (remember to include 127.0.0.1 if
  110. # you use this.)
  111. #listen-address=
  112. # If you want dnsmasq to provide only DNS service on an interface,
  113. # configure it as shown above, and then use the following line to
  114. # disable DHCP and TFTP on it.
  115. #no-dhcp-interface=
  117. # On systems which support it, dnsmasq binds the wildcard address,
  118. # even when it is listening on only some interfaces. It then discards
  119. # requests that it shouldn't reply to. This has the advantage of
  120. # working even when interfaces come and go and change address. If you
  121. # want dnsmasq to really bind only the interfaces it is listening on,
  122. # uncomment this option. About the only time you may need this is when
  123. # running another nameserver on the same machine.
  124. #bind-interfaces
  126. # If you don't want dnsmasq to read /etc/hosts, uncomment the
  127. # following line.
  128. #no-hosts
  129. # or if you want it to read another file, as well as /etc/hosts, use
  130. # this.
  131. #addn-hosts=/etc/banner_add_hosts
  133. # Set this (and domain: see below) if you want to have a domain
  134. # automatically added to simple names in a hosts-file.
  135. #expand-hosts
  137. # Set the domain for dnsmasq. this is optional, but if it is set, it
  138. # does the following things.
  139. # 1) Allows DHCP hosts to have fully qualified domain names, as long
  140. #     as the domain part matches this setting.
  141. # 2) Sets the "domain" DHCP option thereby potentially setting the
  142. #    domain of all systems configured by DHCP
  143. # 3) Provides the domain part for "expand-hosts"
  144. #domain=thekelleys.org.uk
  146. # Set a different domain for a particular subnet
  147. #domain=wireless.thekelleys.org.uk,192.168.2.0/24
  149. # Same idea, but range rather then subnet
  150. #domain=reserved.thekelleys.org.uk,192.68.3.100,192.168.3.200
  152. # Uncomment this to enable the integrated DHCP server, you need
  153. # to supply the range of addresses available for lease and optionally
  154. # a lease time. If you have more than one network, you will need to
  155. # repeat this for each network on which you want to supply DHCP
  156. # service.
  157. #dhcp-range=192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,12h
  159. # This is an example of a DHCP range where the netmask is given. This
  160. # is needed for networks we reach the dnsmasq DHCP server via a relay
  161. # agent. If you don't know what a DHCP relay agent is, you probably
  162. # don't need to worry about this.
  163. #dhcp-range=192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,255.255.255.0,12h
  165. # This is an example of a DHCP range which sets a tag, so that
  166. # some DHCP options may be set only for this network.
  167. #dhcp-range=set:red,192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150
  169. # Use this DHCP range only when the tag "green" is set.
  170. #dhcp-range=tag:green,192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,12h
  172. # Specify a subnet which can't be used for dynamic address allocation,
  173. # is available for hosts with matching --dhcp-host lines. Note that
  174. # dhcp-host declarations will be ignored unless there is a dhcp-range
  175. # of some type for the subnet in question.
  176. # In this case the netmask is implied (it comes from the network
  177. # configuration on the machine running dnsmasq) it is possible to give
  178. # an explicit netmask instead.
  179. #dhcp-range=192.168.0.0,static
  181. # Enable DHCPv6. Note that the prefix-length does not need to be specified
  182. # and defaults to 64 if missing/
  183. #dhcp-range=1234::2, 1234::500, 64, 12h
  185. # Do Router Advertisements, BUT NOT DHCP for this subnet.
  186. #dhcp-range=1234::, ra-only 
  188. # Do Router Advertisements, BUT NOT DHCP for this subnet, also try and
  189. # add names to the DNS for the IPv6 address of SLAAC-configured dual-stack 
  190. # hosts. Use the DHCPv4 lease to derive the name, network segment and 
  191. # MAC address and assume that the host will also have an
  192. # IPv6 address calculated using the SLAAC alogrithm.
  193. #dhcp-range=1234::, ra-names
  195. # Do Router Advertisements, BUT NOT DHCP for this subnet.
  196. # Set the lifetime to 46 hours. (Note: minimum lifetime is 2 hours.)
  197. #dhcp-range=1234::, ra-only, 48h
  199. # Do DHCP and Router Advertisements for this subnet. Set the A bit in the RA
  200. # so that clients can use SLAAC addresses as well as DHCP ones.
  201. #dhcp-range=1234::2, 1234::500, slaac
  203. # Do Router Advertisements and stateless DHCP for this subnet. Clients will
  204. # not get addresses from DHCP, but they will get other configuration information.
  205. # They will use SLAAC for addresses.
  206. #dhcp-range=1234::, ra-stateless
  208. # Do stateless DHCP, SLAAC, and generate DNS names for SLAAC addresses
  209. # from DHCPv4 leases.
  210. #dhcp-range=1234::, ra-stateless, ra-names
  212. # Do router advertisements for all subnets where we're doing DHCPv6
  213. # Unless overriden by ra-stateless, ra-names, et al, the router 
  214. # advertisements will have the M and O bits set, so that the clients
  215. # get addresses and configuration from DHCPv6, and the A bit reset, so the 
  216. # clients don't use SLAAC addresses.
  217. #enable-ra
  219. # Supply parameters for specified hosts using DHCP. There are lots
  220. # of valid alternatives, so we will give examples of each. Note that
  221. # IP addresses DO NOT have to be in the range given above, they just
  222. # need to be on the same network. The order of the parameters in these
  223. # do not matter, it's permissible to give name, address and MAC in any
  224. # order.
  226. # Always allocate the host with Ethernet address 11:22:33:44:55:66
  227. # The IP address 192.168.0.60
  228. #dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,192.168.0.60
  230. # Always set the name of the host with hardware address
  231. # 11:22:33:44:55:66 to be "fred"
  232. #dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,fred
  234. # Always give the host with Ethernet address 11:22:33:44:55:66
  235. # the name fred and IP address 192.168.0.60 and lease time 45 minutes
  236. #dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,fred,192.168.0.60,45m
  238. # Give a host with Ethernet address 11:22:33:44:55:66 or
  239. # 12:34:56:78:90:12 the IP address 192.168.0.60. Dnsmasq will assume
  240. # that these two Ethernet interfaces will never be in use at the same
  241. # time, and give the IP address to the second, even if it is already
  242. # in use by the first. Useful for laptops with wired and wireless
  243. # addresses.
  244. #dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,12:34:56:78:90:12,192.168.0.60
  246. # Give the machine which says its name is "bert" IP address
  247. # 192.168.0.70 and an infinite lease
  248. #dhcp-host=bert,192.168.0.70,infinite
  250. # Always give the host with client identifier 01:02:02:04
  251. # the IP address 192.168.0.60
  252. #dhcp-host=id:01:02:02:04,192.168.0.60
  254. # Always give the Infiniband interface with hardware address
  255. # 80:00:00:48:fe:80:00:00:00:00:00:00:f4:52:14:03:00:28:05:81 the
  256. # ip address 192.168.0.61. The client id is derived from the prefix
  257. # ff:00:00:00:00:00:02:00:00:02:c9:00 and the last 8 pairs of
  258. # hex digits of the hardware address.
  259. #dhcp-host=id:ff:00:00:00:00:00:02:00:00:02:c9:00:f4:52:14:03:00:28:05:81,192.168.0.61
  261. # Always give the host with client identifier "marjorie"
  262. # the IP address 192.168.0.60
  263. #dhcp-host=id:marjorie,192.168.0.60
  265. # Enable the address given for "judge" in /etc/hosts
  266. # to be given to a machine presenting the name "judge" when
  267. # it asks for a DHCP lease.
  268. #dhcp-host=judge
  270. # Never offer DHCP service to a machine whose Ethernet
  271. # address is 11:22:33:44:55:66
  272. #dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,ignore
  274. # Ignore any client-id presented by the machine with Ethernet
  275. # address 11:22:33:44:55:66. This is useful to prevent a machine
  276. # being treated differently when running under different OS's or
  277. # between PXE boot and OS boot.
  278. #dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,id:*
  280. # Send extra options which are tagged as "red" to
  281. # the machine with Ethernet address 11:22:33:44:55:66
  282. #dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,set:red
  284. # Send extra options which are tagged as "red" to
  285. # any machine with Ethernet address starting 11:22:33:
  286. #dhcp-host=11:22:33:*:*:*,set:red
  288. # Give a fixed IPv6 address and name to client with 
  289. # DUID 00:01:00:01:16:d2:83:fc:92:d4:19:e2:d8:b2
  290. # Note the MAC addresses CANNOT be used to identify DHCPv6 clients.
  291. # Note also the they [] around the IPv6 address are obilgatory.
  292. #dhcp-host=id:00:01:00:01:16:d2:83:fc:92:d4:19:e2:d8:b2, fred, [1234::5] 
  294. # Ignore any clients which are not specified in dhcp-host lines
  295. # or /etc/ethers. Equivalent to ISC "deny unknown-clients".
  296. # This relies on the special "known" tag which is set when
  297. # a host is matched.
  298. #dhcp-ignore=tag:!known
  300. # Send extra options which are tagged as "red" to any machine whose
  301. # DHCP vendorclass string includes the substring "Linux"
  302. #dhcp-vendorclass=set:red,Linux
  304. # Send extra options which are tagged as "red" to any machine one
  305. # of whose DHCP userclass strings includes the substring "accounts"
  306. #dhcp-userclass=set:red,accounts
  308. # Send extra options which are tagged as "red" to any machine whose
  309. # MAC address matches the pattern.
  310. #dhcp-mac=set:red,00:60:8C:*:*:*
  312. # If this line is uncommented, dnsmasq will read /etc/ethers and act
  313. # on the ethernet-address/IP pairs found there just as if they had
  314. # been given as --dhcp-host options. Useful if you keep
  315. # MAC-address/host mappings there for other purposes.
  316. #read-ethers
  318. # Send options to hosts which ask for a DHCP lease.
  319. # See RFC 2132 for details of available options.
  320. # Common options can be given to dnsmasq by name:
  321. # run "dnsmasq --help dhcp" to get a list.
  322. # Note that all the common settings, such as netmask and
  323. # broadcast address, DNS server and default route, are given
  324. # sane defaults by dnsmasq. You very likely will not need
  325. # any dhcp-options. If you use Windows clients and Samba, there
  326. # are some options which are recommended, they are detailed at the
  327. # end of this section.
  329. # Override the default route supplied by dnsmasq, which assumes the
  330. # router is the same machine as the one running dnsmasq.
  331. #dhcp-option=3,1.2.3.4
  333. # Do the same thing, but using the option name
  334. #dhcp-option=option:router,1.2.3.4
  336. # Override the default route supplied by dnsmasq and send no default
  337. # route at all. Note that this only works for the options sent by
  338. # default (1, 3, 6, 12, 28) the same line will send a zero-length option
  339. # for all other option numbers.
  340. #dhcp-option=3
  342. # Set the NTP time server addresses to 192.168.0.4 and 10.10.0.5
  343. #dhcp-option=option:ntp-server,192.168.0.4,10.10.0.5
  345. # Send DHCPv6 option. Note [] around IPv6 addresses.
  346. #dhcp-option=option6:dns-server,[1234::77],[1234::88]
  348. # Send DHCPv6 option for namservers as the machine running 
  349. # dnsmasq and another.
  350. #dhcp-option=option6:dns-server,[::],[1234::88]
  352. # Ask client to poll for option changes every six hours. (RFC4242)
  353. #dhcp-option=option6:information-refresh-time,6h
  355. # Set option 58 client renewal time (T1). Defaults to half of the
  356. # lease time if not specified. (RFC2132)
  357. #dhcp-option=option:T1:1m
  359. # Set option 59 rebinding time (T2). Defaults to 7/8 of the
  360. # lease time if not specified. (RFC2132)
  361. #dhcp-option=option:T2:2m
  363. # Set the NTP time server address to be the same machine as
  364. # is running dnsmasq
  365. #dhcp-option=42,0.0.0.0
  367. # Set the NIS domain name to "welly"
  368. #dhcp-option=40,welly
  370. # Set the default time-to-live to 50
  371. #dhcp-option=23,50
  373. # Set the "all subnets are local" flag
  374. #dhcp-option=27,1
  376. # Send the etherboot magic flag and then etherboot options (a string).
  377. #dhcp-option=128,e4:45:74:68:00:00
  378. #dhcp-option=129,NIC=eepro100
  380. # Specify an option which will only be sent to the "red" network
  381. # (see dhcp-range for the declaration of the "red" network)
  382. # Note that the tag: part must precede the option: part.
  383. #dhcp-option = tag:red, option:ntp-server, 192.168.1.1
  385. # The following DHCP options set up dnsmasq in the same way as is specified
  386. # for the ISC dhcpcd in
  387. # http://www.samba.org/samba/ftp/docs/textdocs/DHCP-Server-Configuration.txt
  388. # adapted for a typical dnsmasq installation where the host running
  389. # dnsmasq is also the host running samba.
  390. # you may want to uncomment some or all of them if you use
  391. # Windows clients and Samba.
  392. #dhcp-option=19,0           # option ip-forwarding off
  393. #dhcp-option=44,0.0.0.0     # set netbios-over-TCP/IP nameserver(s) aka WINS server(s)
  394. #dhcp-option=45,0.0.0.0     # netbios datagram distribution server
  395. #dhcp-option=46,8           # netbios node type
  397. # Send an empty WPAD option. This may be REQUIRED to get windows 7 to behave.
  398. #dhcp-option=252,"\n"
  400. # Send RFC-3397 DNS domain search DHCP option. WARNING: Your DHCP client
  401. # probably doesn't support this......
  402. #dhcp-option=option:domain-search,eng.apple.com,marketing.apple.com
  404. # Send RFC-3442 classless static routes (note the netmask encoding)
  405. #dhcp-option=121,192.168.1.0/24,1.2.3.4,10.0.0.0/8,5.6.7.8
  407. # Send vendor-class specific options encapsulated in DHCP option 43.
  408. # The meaning of the options is defined by the vendor-class so
  409. # options are sent only when the client supplied vendor class
  410. # matches the class given here. (A substring match is OK, so "MSFT"
  411. # matches "MSFT" and "MSFT 5.0"). This example sets the
  412. # mtftp address to 0.0.0.0 for PXEClients.
  413. #dhcp-option=vendor:PXEClient,1,0.0.0.0
  415. # Send microsoft-specific option to tell windows to release the DHCP lease
  416. # when it shuts down. Note the "i" flag, to tell dnsmasq to send the
  417. # value as a four-byte integer - that's what microsoft wants. See
  418. # http://technet2.microsoft.com/WindowsServer/en/library/a70f1bb7-d2d4-49f0-96d6-4b7414ecfaae1033.mspx?mfr=true
  419. #dhcp-option=vendor:MSFT,2,1i
  421. # Send the Encapsulated-vendor-class ID needed by some configurations of
  422. # Etherboot to allow is to recognise the DHCP server.
  423. #dhcp-option=vendor:Etherboot,60,"Etherboot"
  425. # Send options to PXELinux. Note that we need to send the options even
  426. # though they don't appear in the parameter request list, so we need
  427. # to use dhcp-option-force here.
  428. # See http://syslinux.zytor.com/pxe.php#special for details.
  429. # Magic number - needed before anything else is recognised
  430. #dhcp-option-force=208,f1:00:74:7e
  431. # Configuration file name
  432. #dhcp-option-force=209,configs/common
  433. # Path prefix
  434. #dhcp-option-force=210,/tftpboot/pxelinux/files/
  435. # Reboot time. (Note 'i' to send 32-bit value)
  436. #dhcp-option-force=211,30i
  438. # Set the boot filename for netboot/PXE. You will only need
  439. # this is you want to boot machines over the network and you will need
  440. # a TFTP server; either dnsmasq's built in TFTP server or an
  441. # external one. (See below for how to enable the TFTP server.)
  442. #dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0
  444. # The same as above, but use custom tftp-server instead machine running dnsmasq
  445. #dhcp-boot=pxelinux,server.name,192.168.1.100
  447. # Boot for Etherboot gPXE. The idea is to send two different
  448. # filenames, the first loads gPXE, and the second tells gPXE what to
  449. # load. The dhcp-match sets the gpxe tag for requests from gPXE.
  450. #dhcp-match=set:gpxe,175 # gPXE sends a 175 option.
  451. #dhcp-boot=tag:!gpxe,undionly.kpxe
  452. #dhcp-boot=mybootimage
  454. # Encapsulated options for Etherboot gPXE. All the options are
  455. # encapsulated within option 175
  456. #dhcp-option=encap:175, 1, 5b         # priority code
  457. #dhcp-option=encap:175, 176, 1b       # no-proxydhcp
  458. #dhcp-option=encap:175, 177, string   # bus-id
  459. #dhcp-option=encap:175, 189, 1b       # BIOS drive code
  460. #dhcp-option=encap:175, 190, user     # iSCSI username
  461. #dhcp-option=encap:175, 191, pass     # iSCSI password
  463. # Test for the architecture of a netboot client. PXE clients are
  464. # supposed to send their architecture as option 93. (See RFC 4578)
  465. #dhcp-match=peecees, option:client-arch, 0 #x86-32
  466. #dhcp-match=itanics, option:client-arch, 2 #IA64
  467. #dhcp-match=hammers, option:client-arch, 6 #x86-64
  468. #dhcp-match=mactels, option:client-arch, 7 #EFI x86-64
  470. # Do real PXE, rather than just booting a single file, this is an
  471. # alternative to dhcp-boot.
  472. #pxe-prompt="What system shall I netboot?"
  473. # or with timeout before first available action is taken:
  474. #pxe-prompt="Press F8 for menu.", 60
  476. # Available boot services. for PXE.
  477. #pxe-service=x86PC, "Boot from local disk"
  479. # Loads <tftp-root>/pxelinux.0 from dnsmasq TFTP server.
  480. #pxe-service=x86PC, "Install Linux", pxelinux
  482. # Loads <tftp-root>/pxelinux.0 from TFTP server at 1.2.3.4.
  483. # Beware this fails on old PXE ROMS.
  484. #pxe-service=x86PC, "Install Linux", pxelinux, 1.2.3.4
  486. # Use bootserver on network, found my multicast or broadcast.
  487. #pxe-service=x86PC, "Install windows from RIS server", 1
  489. # Use bootserver at a known IP address.
  490. #pxe-service=x86PC, "Install windows from RIS server", 1, 1.2.3.4
  492. # If you have multicast-FTP available,
  493. # information for that can be passed in a similar way using options 1
  494. # to 5. See page 19 of
  495. # http://download.intel.com/design/archives/wfm/downloads/pxespec.pdf
  498. # Enable dnsmasq's built-in TFTP server
  499. #enable-tftp
  501. # Set the root directory for files available via FTP.
  502. #tftp-root=/var/ftpd
  504. # Do not abort if the tftp-root is unavailable
  505. #tftp-no-fail
  507. # Make the TFTP server more secure: with this set, only files owned by
  508. # the user dnsmasq is running as will be send over the net.
  509. #tftp-secure
  511. # This option stops dnsmasq from negotiating a larger blocksize for TFTP
  512. # transfers. It will slow things down, but may rescue some broken TFTP
  513. # clients.
  514. #tftp-no-blocksize
  516. # Set the boot file name only when the "red" tag is set.
  517. #dhcp-boot=tag:red,pxelinux.red-net
  519. # An example of dhcp-boot with an external TFTP server: the name and IP
  520. # address of the server are given after the filename.
  521. # Can fail with old PXE ROMS. Overridden by --pxe-service.
  522. #dhcp-boot=/var/ftpd/pxelinux.0,boothost,192.168.0.3
  524. # If there are multiple external tftp servers having a same name
  525. # (using /etc/hosts) then that name can be specified as the
  526. # tftp_servername (the third option to dhcp-boot) and in that
  527. # case dnsmasq resolves this name and returns the resultant IP
  528. # addresses in round robin fasion. This facility can be used to
  529. # load balance the tftp load among a set of servers.
  530. #dhcp-boot=/var/ftpd/pxelinux.0,boothost,tftp_server_name
  532. # Set the limit on DHCP leases, the default is 150
  533. #dhcp-lease-max=150
  535. # The DHCP server needs somewhere on disk to keep its lease database.
  536. # This defaults to a sane location, but if you want to change it, use
  537. # the line below.
  538. #dhcp-leasefile=/var/lib/misc/dnsmasq.leases
  540. # Set the DHCP server to authoritative mode. In this mode it will barge in
  541. # and take over the lease for any client which broadcasts on the network,
  542. # whether it has a record of the lease or not. This avoids long timeouts
  543. # when a machine wakes up on a new network. DO NOT enable this if there's
  544. # the slightest chance that you might end up accidentally configuring a DHCP
  545. # server for your campus/company accidentally. The ISC server uses
  546. # the same option, and this URL provides more information:
  547. # http://www.isc.org/files/auth.html
  548. #dhcp-authoritative
  550. # Run an executable when a DHCP lease is created or destroyed.
  551. # The arguments sent to the script are "add" or "del",
  552. # then the MAC address, the IP address and finally the hostname
  553. # if there is one.
  554. #dhcp-script=/bin/echo
  556. # Set the cachesize here.
  557. #cache-size=150
  559. # If you want to disable negative caching, uncomment this.
  560. #no-negcache
  562. # Normally responses which come from /etc/hosts and the DHCP lease
  563. # file have Time-To-Live set as zero, which conventionally means
  564. # do not cache further. If you are happy to trade lower load on the
  565. # server for potentially stale date, you can set a time-to-live (in
  566. # seconds) here.
  567. #local-ttl=
  569. # If you want dnsmasq to detect attempts by Verisign to send queries
  570. # to unregistered .com and .net hosts to its sitefinder service and
  571. # have dnsmasq instead return the correct NXDOMAIN response, uncomment
  572. # this line. You can add similar lines to do the same for other
  573. # registries which have implemented wildcard A records.
  574. #bogus-nxdomain=64.94.110.11
  576. # If you want to fix up DNS results from upstream servers, use the
  577. # alias option. This only works for IPv4.
  578. # This alias makes a result of 1.2.3.4 appear as 5.6.7.8
  579. #alias=1.2.3.4,5.6.7.8
  580. # and this maps 1.2.3.x to 5.6.7.x
  581. #alias=1.2.3.0,5.6.7.0,255.255.255.0
  582. # and this maps 192.168.0.10->192.168.0.40 to 10.0.0.10->10.0.0.40
  583. #alias=192.168.0.10-192.168.0.40,10.0.0.0,255.255.255.0
  585. # Change these lines if you want dnsmasq to serve MX records.
  587. # Return an MX record named "maildomain.com" with target
  588. # servermachine.com and preference 50
  589. #mx-host=maildomain.com,servermachine.com,50
  591. # Set the default target for MX records created using the localmx option.
  592. #mx-target=servermachine.com
  594. # Return an MX record pointing to the mx-target for all local
  595. # machines.
  596. #localmx
  598. # Return an MX record pointing to itself for all local machines.
  599. #selfmx
  601. # Change the following lines if you want dnsmasq to serve SRV
  602. # records.  These are useful if you want to serve ldap requests for
  603. # Active Directory and other windows-originated DNS requests.
  604. # See RFC 2782.
  605. # You may add multiple srv-host lines.
  606. # The fields are <name>,<target>,<port>,<priority>,<weight>
  607. # If the domain part if missing from the name (so that is just has the
  608. # service and protocol sections) then the domain given by the domain=
  609. # config option is used. (Note that expand-hosts does not need to be
  610. # set for this to work.)
  612. # A SRV record sending LDAP for the example.com domain to
  613. # ldapserver.example.com port 389
  614. #srv-host=_ldap._tcp.example.com,ldapserver.example.com,389
  616. # A SRV record sending LDAP for the example.com domain to
  617. # ldapserver.example.com port 389 (using domain=)
  618. #domain=example.com
  619. #srv-host=_ldap._tcp,ldapserver.example.com,389
  621. # Two SRV records for LDAP, each with different priorities
  622. #srv-host=_ldap._tcp.example.com,ldapserver.example.com,389,1
  623. #srv-host=_ldap._tcp.example.com,ldapserver.example.com,389,2
  625. # A SRV record indicating that there is no LDAP server for the domain
  626. # example.com
  627. #srv-host=_ldap._tcp.example.com
  629. # The following line shows how to make dnsmasq serve an arbitrary PTR
  630. # record. This is useful for DNS-SD. (Note that the
  631. # domain-name expansion done for SRV records _does_not
  632. # occur for PTR records.)
  633. #ptr-record=_http._tcp.dns-sd-services,"New Employee Page._http._tcp.dns-sd-services"
  635. # Change the following lines to enable dnsmasq to serve TXT records.
  636. # These are used for things like SPF and zeroconf. (Note that the
  637. # domain-name expansion done for SRV records _does_not
  638. # occur for TXT records.)
  640. #Example SPF.
  641. #txt-record=example.com,"v=spf1 a -all"
  643. #Example zeroconf
  644. #txt-record=_http._tcp.example.com,name=value,paper=A4
  646. # Provide an alias for a "local" DNS name. Note that this _only_ works
  647. # for targets which are names from DHCP or /etc/hosts. Give host
  648. # "bert" another name, bertrand
  649. #cname=bertand,bert
  651. # For debugging purposes, log each DNS query as it passes through
  652. # dnsmasq.
  653. #log-queries
  655. # Log lots of extra information about DHCP transactions.
  656. #log-dhcp
  658. # Include another lot of configuration options.
  659. #conf-file=/etc/dnsmasq.more.conf
  660. #conf-dir=/etc/dnsmasq.d
  662. # Include all the files in a directory except those ending in .bak
  663. #conf-dir=/etc/dnsmasq.d,.bak
  665. # Include all files in a directory which end in .conf
  666. #conf-dir=/etc/dnsmasq.d/,*.conf
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