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@haokuixi 2015-03-16T14:57:53.000000Z 字数 7159 阅读 2005

15 Examples To Master Linux Command Line History

linux shell


When you are using Linux command line frequently, using the history effectively can be a major productivity boost. In fact, once you have mastered the 15 examples that I've provided here, you'll find using command line more enjoyable and fun.

1. Display timestamp using HISTTIMEFORMAT

Typically when you type history from command line, it displays the command#(command No.) and the command. For auditing purpose, it may be beneficial to display the timepstamp along with the command as shown below.

  1. # export HISTTIMEFORMAT='%F %T '
  2. # history | more
  3. 1 2008-08-05 19:02:39 service network restart
  4. 2 2008-08-05 19:02:39 exit
  5. 3 2008-08-05 19:02:39 id
  6. 4 2008-08-05 19:02:39 cat /etc/redhat-release

2. Search the history using Control+R

I strongly believe, this may be your most frequently used feature of history. When you've already executed a very long command, you can simply search history using a keyword and re-execute the same command without having to type it fully. Press Control+R and type the keyword. In the following example, I searched for red, which displayed the previous command “cat /etc/redhat-release” in the history that contained the word red.

[Press Ctrl+R from the command prompt, which will display the reverse-i-search prompt]

(reverse-i-search)`red': cat /etc/redhat-release

[Note: Press enter when you see your command, which will execute the command from the history]

# cat /etc/redhat-release
Fedora release 9 (Sulphur)

Sometimes you want to edit a command from history before executing it. For e.g. you can search for httpd, which will display service httpd stop from the command history, select this command and change the stop to start and re-execute it again as shown below.

[Press Ctrl+R from the command prompt, which will display the reverse-i-search prompt]

(reverse-i-search)`httpd': service httpd stop

[Note: Press TAB(left arrow or right arrow) key when you see your command, which will display the command for you to edit, before executing it]

# service httpd start

3. Repeat previous command quickly using 4 different methods

Sometime you may end up repeating the previous commands for various reasons. Following are the 4 different ways to repeat the last executed command.

4. Execute a specific command from history

In the following example, If you want to repeat the command #4, you can do !4 as shown below.

  1. # history | more
  2. 1 service network restart
  3. 2 exit
  4. 3 id
  5. 4 cat /etc/redhat-release
  6. # !4
  7. cat /etc/redhat-release
  8. Fedora release 9 (Sulphur)
  1. Execute previous command that starts with a specific word

Type ! followed by the starting few letters of the command that you would like to re-execute. In the following example, typing !ps and enter, executed the previous command starting with ps, which is ps aux | grep yp.

  1. # !ps
  2. ps aux | grep yp
  3. root 16947 0.0 0.1 36516 1264 ? Sl 13:10 0:00 ypbind
  4. root 17503 0.0 0.0 4124 740 pts/0 S+ 19:19 0:00 grep yp

6. Control the total number of lines in the history using HISTSIZE

Append the following two lines to the .bash_profile and relogin to the bash shell again to see the change. In this example, only 450 command will be stored in the bash history.

  1. # vi ~/.bash_profile
  2. HISTSIZE=450
  3. HISTFILESIZE=450

7. Change the history file name using HISTFILE

By default, history is stored in ~/.bash_history file. Add the following line to the .bash_profile and relogin to the bash shell, to store the history command in .commandline_warrior file instead of .bash_history file. I'm yet to figure out a practical use for this. I can see this getting used when you want to track commands executed from different terminals using different history file name.

  1. # vi ~/.bash_profile
  2. HISTFILE=/root/.commandline_warrior

If you have a good reason to change the name of the history file, please share it with me, as I'm interested in finding out how you are using this feature.

8. Eliminate the continuous repeated entry from history using HISTCONTROL

In the following example pwd was typed three times, when you do history, you can see all the 3 continuous occurrences of it. To eliminate duplicates, set HISTCONTROL to ignoredups as shown below.

  1. # pwd
  2. # pwd
  3. # pwd
  4. # history | tail -4
  5. 44 pwd
  6. 45 pwd
  7. 46 pwd [Note that there are three pwd commands in history, after executing pwd 3 times as shown above]
  8. 47 history | tail -4
  9. # export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups
  10. # pwd
  11. # pwd
  12. # pwd
  13. # history | tail -3
  14. 56 export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups
  15. 57 pwd [Note that there is only one pwd command in the history, even after executing pwd 3 times as shown above]
  16. 58 history | tail -3

9. Erase duplicates across the whole history using HISTCONTROL

The ignoredups shown above removes duplicates only if they are consecutive commands. To eliminate duplicates across the whole history, set the HISTCONTROL to erasedups as shown below.

  1. # export HISTCONTROL=erasedups
  2. # pwd
  3. # service httpd stop
  4. # history | tail -3
  5. 38 pwd
  6. 39 service httpd stop
  7. 40 history | tail -3
  8. # ls -ltr
  9. # service httpd stop
  10. # history | tail -6
  11. 35 export HISTCONTROL=erasedups
  12. 36 pwd
  13. 37 history | tail -3
  14. 38 ls -ltr
  15. 39 service httpd stop
  16. [Note that the previous service httpd stop after pwd got erased]
  17. 40 history | tail -6

10. Force history not to remember a particular command using HISTCONTROL

When you execute a command, you can instruct history to ignore the command by setting HISTCONTROL to ignorespace AND typing a space in front of the command as shown below. I can see lot of junior sysadmins getting excited about this, as they can hide a command from the history. It is good to understand how ignorespace works. But, as a best practice, don't hide purposefully anything from history.

  1. # export HISTCONTROL=ignorespace
  2. # ls -ltr
  3. # pwd
  4. # service httpd stop [Note that there is a space at the beginning of service, to ignore this command from history]
  5. # history | tail -3
  6. 67 ls -ltr
  7. 68 pwd
  8. 69 history | tail -3

11. Clear all the previous history using option -c

Sometime you may want to clear all the previous history, but want to keep the history moving forward.

  1. # history -c

12. Subtitute words from history commands

When you are searching through history, you may want to execute a different command but use the same parameter from the command that you've just searched.

In the example below, the !!:$ next to the vi command gets the argument from the previous command to the current command.

  1. # ls anaconda-ks.cfg
  2. anaconda-ks.cfg
  3. # vi !!:$
  4. vi anaconda-ks.cfg

In the example below, the !^ next to the vi command gets the first argument from the previous command (i.e cp command) to the current command (i.e vi command).

  1. # cp anaconda-ks.cfg anaconda-ks.cfg.bak
  2. anaconda-ks.cfg
  3. # vi !^
  4. vi anaconda-ks.cfg

13. Substitute a specific argument for a specific command.

In the example below, !cp:2 searches for the previous command in history that starts with cp and takes the second argument of cp and substitutes it for the ls -l command as shown below.

  1. # cp ~/longname.txt /really/a/very/long/path/long-filename.txt
  2. # ls -l !cp:2
  3. ls -l /really/a/very/long/path/long-filename.txt

In the example below, !cp:$ searches for the previous command in history that starts with cp and takes the last argument (in this case, which is also the second argument as shown above) of cp and substitutes it for the ls -l command as shown below.

  1. # ls -l !cp:$
  2. ls -l /really/a/very/long/path/long-filename.txt

14. Disable the usage of history using HISTSIZE

If you want to disable history all together and don't want bash shell to remember the commands you've typed, set the HISTSIZE to 0 as shown below.

  1. # export HISTSIZE=0
  2. # history

Note: history did not display anything

15. Ignore specific commands from the history using HISTIGNORE

Sometimes you may not want to clutter your history with basic commands such as pwd and ls. Use HISTIGNORE to specify all the commands that you want to ignore from the history. Please note that adding ls to the HISTIGNORE ignores only ls and not ls -l. So, you have to provide the exact command that you would like to ignore from the history.

  1. # export HISTIGNORE="pwd:ls:ls -ltr:"
  2. # pwd
  3. # ls
  4. # ls -ltr
  5. # service httpd stop
  6. # history | tail -3
  7. 79 export HISTIGNORE="pwd:ls:ls -ltr:"
  8. 80 service httpd stop
  9. 81 history

[Note that history did not record pwd, ls and ls -ltr]


转载自:http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2008/08/15-examples-to-master-linux-command-line-history/

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